Beginning Greek for Bible Study

1. Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa Beginning Greek for Bible Study Class #5 Conjunctions and Other Grammatical Friends kai; to; w=

2. Exegetical Example 1 Peter 1:3 - Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy chas caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 4 to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in heaven for you, 5who are protected by the power of God through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.

3. Exegetical Example tou.j evn duna,mei qeou/ frouroume,nouj dia. pi,stewj eivj swthri,an e`toi,mhn avpokalufqh/nai evn kairw/| evsca,tw|Å

6. Conjunctions • Conjunctions are words that link thoughts together. • Conjunctions are significant in Bible study because they show the relationship between clauses. • There are two basic types of conjunctions: • Coordinating • Subordinating

7. Coordinating Conjunctions • A coordinating conjunction connect grammatically equal units. • kai, - “and,” “also,” “even,” “but” • de, - “and,” “now,” “then,” “but” • ga,r – “for” • avlla, - “but” • ou=n – “therefore” • h; – “or”

8. Subordinate Conjunctions • Subordinate conjunctions introduce dependent clauses • o[ti – “because,” “that” • i[na – “so that,” “in order that,” “that” • eiv – “if” • eva,n – “if” • o[te – “when”

9. Correlative Conjunctions • Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that function together: • me,n … de, – on the one hand … but on the other • kai, … kai, - both … and • h; … h; - either … or • mh,te … mh,te – neither … nor • ou;te … ou;te – neither … nor • ou,k … avlla, - not … but • te … kai, - both … and

10. Interlinears and Homework • English Greek New Testament (EGNT) and Interlinear for the Rest of Us (IRU) are the same book. • It is an interlinear New Testament, which gives the NIV English text, the Greek text, parsing information, and Strong’s codes.

12. Advantages of IRU • By keeping the English word order, the text is more user friendly. • The parsing information is very helpful. • A Greek-English Dictionary is included

13. Disadvantages of IRU • The book is expensive ($49.99 retail, $32 online) • The Greek text that is used in IRU is a non-standard Greek text. • There are other options which may be better solutions.

14. Other options • The New Greek English Interlinear New Testament by Brown & Comfort (Tyndale, 1993) - $24.99 retail, $16.50 online. • Or online: • www. blueletterbible.org • www.searchgodsword.org

17. Adjectives • An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. • Adjectives can function in two ways: • Attributive – John is a good man. • Substantive – The poor and the rich have a common bond, the LORD is the maker of them all (Prov. 22:2). • Adjectives can be in the predicate: • John is bad.

18. Adjectives • Other phrases can function to modify nouns (prepositional phrase, participial phrase). • A phrase can also function as a substantive (noun).

19. Greek Adjectives • Unlike English, Greek adjectives are not always right in front of the noun they modify. • The word order can be: • Article + adjective + noun • avpo. th/j prw,thj h`me,raj a;cri tou/ nu/n • From the first day • Article + noun + article + adjective • to. pneu/ma to. a[gion • the spirit the holy = the holy spirit • This is how Greek handles attributive adjectives

20. Greek Adjectives • Greek adjectives can also function as substantives (think, “nouns”). • VIwsh.f de. o` avnh.r auvth/j( di,kaioj w'n • Joseph but the husband of her righteous being • But Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man • Another important example is Matt. 6:13 • avlla. r`u/sai h`ma/j avpo. tou/ ponhrou/ • But deliver us from evil • But deliever us from the evil one.

21. Greek Adjectives • An adjective must agree with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender.

22. The Greek Article • Greek only has a definite article. It does not have an indefinite article like English. • The function of the article is not simply to make definite something that would otherwise be indefinite.

23. The Greek Article • Definite article - oi` maqhtai. • Grammatical marker - meta. tw/n avgge,lwn tw/n a`gi,wn • With proper nouns (names) - o` VIhsou/j • To make a participle or adjective into a noun - le,gei tw/| avnqrw,pw| tw/| th.n xhra.n cei/ra e;conti • To function as a personal, possessive, or relative pronoun - Oi` a;ndrej( avgapa/te ta.j gunai/kaj • Often not used when English requires it - VEn avrch/| h=n o` lo,goj

24. Cases

25. Prepositions • In Greek, the preposition governs the case of the object • Some prepositions always take the same case of the object: • evn – dative = “in” • evk – genitive = “out of” • eivj – accusative = “into” • However, some prepositions take objects in different cases. The case determines the meaning of the preposition: • dia, - with the genitive = “through” • dia, - with the accusative = “on account of”

26. Participle phrases • A participle is a verb ending in “ing.” • A participle phrase is a participle that takes an object and often modifiers as well. (“seeing the black cat”)

27. Participle phrases • Sometimes translators will change a participial phrase (dependent) to an independent clause or phrase. They do this for two reasons: • Greek often has very long sentences which need to be broken up when translating into English. • Eph. 1:3-14 is one sentence in Greek! • In order to break the section up into manageable sections, some participles are turned into regular verbs (vs. 5 – “predestining” => “predestined”) • This is sometimes necessary in English, but unhelpful in terms of seeing the author’s flow of thought.

28. Participle phrases • Sometimes translators will change a participial phrase (dependent) to an independent clause or phrase. They do this for two reasons: • Greek likes using a participle followed by a regular verb. • “Herod called the Magi secretly and found out from them…” (Matt. 2:7) • “Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them… and teaching them…” (Matt. 28:19-20)

29. Clauses • Relative clause – a relative pronoun is a noun substitute (“who(m), whose, that, which what(ever)). • Sometimes a pronoun needs to be added to make the relative clause makes sense in English: • “Who will be first will be last” => • “He who will be first will be last”

30. Clauses • Pronouns and antecedents – an antecedent is the noun a pronoun refers to. Sometimes, the translation from Greek to English makes the antecedent unclear. • o] ga.r avpe,qanen( th/| a`marti,a| avpe,qanen evfa,pax • Which for he died to the sin he died once for all • KJV – For in that he died, he died unto sin once. • ESV – The death he died, he died to sin once for all. • NLT – He died once to defeat sin.

31. Clauses • 4 Classes of conditional clauses (“if… then”) • 1st class – “condition of fact” • 2nd class – “contrary to fact” • 3rd class – “more probable future” • 4th class – “less probable future”

32. Clauses • 1st class – “condition of fact” • Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is indicative • If something is true, and let’s assume so for the sake of argument, then… • 2nd class – “contrary to fact” • Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is indicative • If something is true, even though we know it is not, then…

33. Clauses • 3rd class – “more probable future” • Begins with eva,n (“if”), verb is subjunctive • If some event happens in the future, and it is likely to happen, then… • If + an axiomatic truth (“if anyone walks in the day”), then… • 4th class – “less probable future” • Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is optative • If something happens, and it is unlikely that it will, then…

34. Homework • Do the exercises at the end of chapter 12 in Greek for the Rest of Us (Green book) • Read chapter 13 in Greek for the Rest of Us (Green book) • Lead a Bible study with your family this week based on a passage you have “phrased.”

35. Advanced Class Class #5 Adjectives & Pronouns

36. Practice • o` ku,rioj tou/ ouvranou/ • ei=pen auvtoi/j o` VIhsou/j • avlla. e;gnwka u`ma/j o[ti th.n avga,phn tou/ qeou/ ouvk e;cete evn e`autoi/j • VArch. tou/ euvaggeli,ou VIhsou/ Cristou/ • evpi,steusen o` a;nqrwpoj tw/| lo,gw| • Do,xan para. avnqrw,pwn ouv lamba,nw • kai. evbapti,zonto u`pV auvtou/ evn tw/| VIorda,nh

37. Greek Cases

38. The Article

39. Noun Rules • Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems ending in omicron are in the second, and consonantal stems are in the third declension. • Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative. • Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural. • In the dative singular, the iota subscripts if possible. • Vowels often change their length (ablaut). • In the genitive and dative, the masculine and neuter will always be identical.

40. eivmi, • eivmi is the most common verb in Greek and it needs to be memorized.

41. More on Adjectives • Attribute adjectives can be used in two positions: • First attributive – art + adj + noun • o` avgaqo.j a;nqrwpoj = the good man • Second attributive – art + noun + art + adj • o` a;nqrwpoj o` avgaqo.j = the good man • If there is no noun, the adjective is probably functioning substantively (as a noun) • o` avgaqo.j = the good man/person

42. More on Adjectives • If the adjective lacks the article, it is predicate • o` a;nqrwpoj avgaqo.j = the man is good • avgaqo.j o` a;nqrwpoj = the man is good

43. Adjective Chart

44. First & Second Person Personal Pronouns First Person

45. First & Second Person Personal Pronouns Second Person

46. auvto,j • auvto,j is the 3rd person personal pronoun • It is similar to the 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns, except that it has gender • It has three purposes: • As a personal pronoun (he, she, it, they) • As an adjectival intensive • As an identical adjective (“same”)

47. Adjectival Intensive • It normal modifies another word, and is usually in the predicate position • auvto.j o` avpostoloj = the apostle himself • auvto.j to. dw/ron = the gift itself • Used this way, the pronoun is usually in the nominative case and modifies the subject: • auvto.j Daui.d ei=pen evn tw/| pneu,mati tw/| a`gi,w|( • Ihsou/j auvto.j ouvk evba,ptizen avllV oi` maqhtai. auvtou/

48. Identical Adjective • Used this way, the pronoun is translated as “same,” and is often in the attributive position. • kai. pa,lin avpelqw.n proshu,xato to.n auvto.n lo,gon eivpw,n • VEn auvth/| th/| w[ra| prosh/lqa,n tinej Farisai/oi

49. Chart • The pronoun auvto,j follows the same case endings as adjectives and the nouns we have learned thus far (2-1-2)

50. Homework • Read chapters 10, 13, & 14 in Basics of Biblical Greek (blue book) • Learn the vocabulary words in chapters 9, 11 & 12 in Basics of Biblical Greek (blue book) • Do the workbook exercises for chapters 9, 11, & 12