Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek

1. Ancient Greek for Everyone:A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek as taught at Louisiana State University Spring 2013 Albert Watanabe Unit 12: Adjectives

2. Elementary Greek This class (someday, Month ##, 2013) AGE Unit 12: Adjectives • You have already learned Greek nouns and pronouns. • This Unit presents a closely-related category of word, the adjective.

3. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives • Adjectivesdescribe nouns and pronouns. In order to describe a noun, an adjective must match the noun in gender, number and case. • Recall that Greek nouns and pronouns are identified by their gender, number and case. Remember, too, that Greek pronouns replace nouns by matching their gender, number and case. • Like the definite article and pronouns, therefore, adjectives must have forms available for each possible combination of gender, number and case.

4. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives • All Greek adjectives use the same three declensions of endings as Greek nouns. • Every adjective uses a specific declension’s ending for each gender. • Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders.

5. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives • Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders. • For example, some adjectives use 2nd declension endings for all three genders: • When modifying a masculine or feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 2nd declension noun. • When modifying a neuter noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a neuter 2nddeclension noun.

6. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives: Vocabulary • Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders. • In a vocabulary entry or lexicon, adjectives will have all their nominative singular forms. The ending of the nominative singular indicates which declension the adjective uses for each gender.

7. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical • ἄδικος -ον unjust • ἀδύνατος -ον impossible • βάρβαρος -ον barbaric, not Greek, foreign • σύμμαχος -ον allied

8. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • αἰώνιος –ον eternal • ἁμαρτωλός -όν sinful • ἔρημος –ον deserted

9. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives • Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the differentgenders. • The largest and most common type of adjective uses 2nd declension endings for masculine and neuter but 1st declension endings for the feminine: • When modifying a masculine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 2nd declension noun. • When modifying a feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 1st declension noun. • When modifying a neuter noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a neuter 2nddeclension noun.

10. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives • Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the differentgenders. • The largest and most common type of adjective uses 2nd declension endings for masculine and neuter but 1st declension endings for feminine: • When modifying a feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 1st declension noun. • NOTE: If the stem of the adjective ends in -ε, -ι or -ρ, just as 1st declension nouns, the singular forms change the -η- to -ᾱ-. This change has no meaning. It is just a shift in pronunciation (and consequently spelling).

11. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives • Two very common adjectives are of this type but show additional small changes: • μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα big • The masculine nominative and accusative singular drop their -λο-. • πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many • The masculineand neuter, nominative and accusativesingular, show the stem πολυ-.

12. Elementary Greek • Greek Adjectives μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (stem: μεγαλ-) big SingularPlural • Nom.μέγας μεγάλημέγα μεγάλοι μεγάλαι μεγάλα • Gen. μεγάλου μεγάληςμεγάλου μεγάλων • Dat.μεγάλῳ μεγάλῃ μεγάλῳμεγάλοις μεγάλαις μεγάλοις • Acc.μέγαν μεγάληνμέγα μεγάλους μεγάλαςμεγάλα Greek Pronouns GPH p.34

13. Elementary Greek • Greek Adjectives πολύς, πολλή, πολύ (stem: πολλ-) much, many SingularPlural • Nom.πολύς πολλήπολύπολλοί πολλαί πολλά • Gen. πολλοῦ πολλῆςπολλοῦπολλῶν • Dat.πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς • Acc.πολύν πολλήνπολύ πολλούς πολλάςπολλά Greek Pronouns GPH p.33

14. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical • ἀγαθός -ή -όν good, brave, noble • αἰσχρός -ά -όν ugly, disgraceful • αἴτιος -α -ον responsible, guilty • ἄλλος -η -ον other • ἀμφότερος -α -ον both • ἄξιος -α -ον worthy • ἄριστος -η -ον best • δεινός -ή -όν awesome, terrible • δῆλος -η -ον clear, visible • δίκαιος -α -ον just • δυνατός -ή -όν able

15. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical • ἕκαστος -η -ον each • ἑκάτερος -α -ον each of two • ἐκεῖνος -η -ο that • ἐλεύθερος -α -ον free • ἐμός -ή -όν my, mine • ἐναντίος -α -ον opposite • ἕτερος -α -ον other • ἐχθρός -ά -όν hated, hostile • ἡμέτερος -α -ον our • θεῖος -α -ον divine

16. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical • ἴδιος -α -ον one’s own, private • ἱερός -ά -όν holy, sacred • ἱκανός -ή -όν sufficient • ἴσος -η -ον equal to (+ dat.) • ἰσχυρός -ά -όν strong • κακός -ή -όν bad, cowardly • καλός -ή -όν beautiful, noble • κοινός -ή -όν common • λαμπρός -ά -όνbright, brilliant, famous • λοιπός -ή -όν remaining

17. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical • μακρός -ά -όν long, tall, large • μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα big • μέσος -η -ον middle • μικρός -ά -όν small, little, short • μόνος -η -ον alone, single • μυρίος -α -ον countless thousands • νέος -α -ον young, new • οἰκεῖος -α -ον domestic, one’s own • ὀλίγος -η -ον few, little, small • ὅλος -η -ον whole, complete

18. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical • ὅμοιος -α -ον like, resembling • ὀρθός -ή -όν straight, true, regular • παλαιός -ά -όν old • πλεῖστος -η -ον most, largest • ποῖος -α -ον what sort of? • πολέμιος -α -ον hostile • πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many • πονηρός -ά -όν worthless, bad • πότερος -α -ον which of the two? • πρότερος -α -ον before, earlier

19. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical • ῥᾴδιος -α -ον easy • σός -ή -όν your, yours (sing.) • σοφός -ή -όν wise • ὑμέτερος -α -ον your, yours (pl.) • ὕστερος -α -ον following, next, later • φανερός -ά -όν clear, evident • φίλος -η -ον beloved, dear • χαλεπός -ή -όν difficult • χαλκοῦς -ῆ -οῦν bronze • χρήσιμος -η -ον useful

20. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἀγηπατός –η –όν beloved • ἅγιος –α –ον holy • ἄλλος -η -ον other • ἄξιος -α -ον worthy • δεξιός –η –όν right • δοῦλος –η –ον as a slave • δυνατός -ή -όν able • ἕκαστος -η -ον each • ἐκεῖνος -η -ο that • ἔσχατος –η –ον last, final

21. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἕτερος -α -ον other • ἐχθρός -ά -όν hated, hostile • ἴδιος -α -ον one’s own, private • ἱκανός -ή -όν sufficient • καινός –ή –όν new • κακός -ή -όν bad, cowardly • καλός -ή -όν beautiful, noble • λοιπός -ή -όν remaining • μακάριος –α –ον blessed • μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα big • μέσος -η -ον middle

22. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • μικρός -ά -όν small, little, short • μόνος -η -ον alone, single • νεκρός –ά –όν dead • ὀλίγος -η -ον few, little, small • ὅλος -η -ον whole, complete • ὅμοιος -α -ον like, resembling • πιστός –ή –όν faithful • ποῖος -α -ον what sort of? • πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many • πονηρός -ά -όν worthless, bad • πρεσβυτέρος –α –ον elder

23. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives • Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the differentgenders. • A small group of adjectives uses 3rd declension endings for all three genders: • When modifying a masculine or feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 3rd declension noun. • When modifying a neuter noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a neuter 3rddeclension noun.

24. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives ἀληθής -ές (stem: ἀληθέσ-)true (contractions just as in ἔτος -ους τό year) SingularPlural • Nom.ἀληθής ἀληθές ἀληθεῖς ἀληθῆ • Gen. ἀληθοῦς ἀληθῶν • Dat.ἀληθεῖ ἀληθέσι • Acc.ἀληθῆ ἀληθές ἀληθεῖς ἀληθῆ Greek Pronouns (GPH p.20)

25. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives βελτίων -ον (stem: βελτίον-) better (just as δαίμων-ονος ὁ divinity) SingularPlural • Nom.βελτίων βέλτιονβελτίονες βελτίονα • Gen. βελτίονος βελτιόνων • Dat.βελτίονι βελτίοσι • Acc.βελτίοναβέλτιον βελτίονας βελτίονα Greek Pronouns (GPH p.28)

26. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical • ἀληθής -ές true • ἀμείνων -ον better, stronger, braver • βελτίων -ον better • ἐλάττων -ον smaller, less • ἥττων -ον less, weaker • κρείττων -ον stronger, better • πλείων/πλέων, πλεῖον/πλέον more, larger • σαφής -ές clear • χείρων -ον worse, inferior

27. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • [No specific adjective of this type occurs 30+ times in the NT, but the type does occur.]

28. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives • Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the differentgenders. • Another group of adjectives uses 3rddeclension endings for masculine and neuter but 1st declension endings for feminine: • When modifying a masculine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 3rddeclension noun. • When modifying a feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 1st declension noun always with a short -ᾰ- in the nominative and accusative singular. • When modifying a neuter noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a neuter 3rddeclension noun.

29. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives • Greek adjectives differ only in which declension they use for the different genders. • Another group of adjectives uses 3rddeclension endings for masculine and neuter but 1st declension endings for feminine: • When modifying a feminine noun, these adjectives use the same endings as a regular 1st declension noun always with a short -ᾰ- in the nominative and accusative singular. • NOTE: If the stem of the adjective ends in -ε, -ι or -ρ, just as 1st declension nouns, the singular forms change the -η- to -ᾱ-. For these adjectives, the change affects only the Genitive and Dative singular, since the Nominative and Accusative singular already have short -ᾰ-. As always, this change has no meaning. It is just a shift in pronunciation (and consequently spelling).

30. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives ἡδύς -εῖα -ύ (stem: ἡδέ-)sweet SingularPlural • Nom.ἡδύς ἡδεῖα ἡδύἡδεῖς ἡδεῖαι ἡδέα • Gen. ἡδέος ἡδείας ἡδέος ἡδέων ἡδειῶν ἡδέων • Dat.ἡδεῖ ἡδείᾳ ἡδεῖ ἡδέσι ἡδείαιςἡδέσι • Acc.ἡδύν ἡδεῖαν ἡδύ ἡδεῖς ἡδείας ἡδέα Greek Pronouns GPH p.30

31. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: Classical • ἅπας -ᾶσα -αν all together • βαρύς -εῖα -ύ heavy, tedious • βραχύς -εῖα -ύ brief, short • εὐθύς -εῖα -ύ straight • ἡδύς -εῖα -ύ sweet • ὀξύς -εῖα -ύ sharp, keen, shrill, pungent • πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν every, all • ταχύς -εῖα -ύ quick

32. Elementary Greek Unit 12 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἅπας -ᾶσα -αν all together • εὐθύς -εῖα -ύ straight • πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν every,all

33. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives: Usage • Greek adjectives describe nouns when they are in the attributive position: • ὁ κακὸς βασιλεύς = the bad king • ὁ βασιλεὺς ὁ κακός = the bad king • κακὸς βασιλεύς = a bad king

34. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives: Usage • Outside the attributive position, Greek adjectives function as predicate to the noun: • ὁ βασιλεύς κακός. = The king (is) bad. • αἱ θλίψεις ποιοῦσι τὸν βασιλέα κακόν. = Troubles make the king bad.

35. Elementary Greek Greek Adjectives: Usage • Greek routinely uses adjectives with just an article as generic nouns (i.e., nouns indicating a class or type): • ὁ κακός = a bad man, a bad person • οἱ κακοί= bad people • τὸ κακόν= “the bad,” badness, etc. • cf. the abstract noun κακία –ας ἡ which refers to the concept of “badness.”

36. Elementary Greek • Next class (someday, Month ##, 2013) • Unit 12 Biblical reading. • Unit 12Classical reading. • Be able to: • read the sentences aloud • parse each verb, noun and pronoun • translate the sentences into English.