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Assessment

Assessment. KNR 451. Fitness Assessment. Assessment of health-related fitness Field or lab testing Assessment of specific bioenergetic or metabolic factors Laboratory testing. Assessing “fitness” of metabolic pathways with lab testing. More specific than health-fitness testing

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Assessment

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  1. Assessment KNR 451

  2. Fitness Assessment • Assessment of health-related fitness • Field or lab testing • Assessment of specific bioenergetic or metabolic factors • Laboratory testing

  3. Assessing “fitness” of metabolic pathways with lab testing • More specific than health-fitness testing • Determines “rate-limiting” or “weakest link” factors • Leads to more valid training programs

  4. ATP production pathways • Assuming the athlete performs at an optimal pace to complete the event in the shortest time possible (Adams, 2002): • Strength/power (< 15 sec.) • Power/endurance (15 – 30 sec.) • Mixed endurance (1 –2 min.) • Cardiorespiratory endurance (2 + min.)

  5. Bioenergetic Fitness and Sport • Sports that benefit from testing the specific ATP production pathways are the ones that rely on each pathway. • Strength/Power • Power-endurance • Mixed Endurance • Cardiorespiratory endurance

  6. ATP Pathway-specific tests • See Table 1.3 on page 7

  7. Measurement Terms • Mass – quantity of matter in an object. Equal to weight in most cases. (kg) • Force – a component of work • Work = F X D • Power = W/T (also, work rate, power output) • Energy (metabolic) = in aerobic activities, often determined by oxygen cost of an activity

  8. Cycle Ergometer • Calculations of work, power, energy: • Work: F (kg) X D (m/rev) = kgm • Power: F (kg) X D (m/rev) / T (rev/min) • = kgm.min-1 • Oxygen cost or metabolic energy can be calculated from work rate (power output): • VO2 = 1.8 (work rate).M-1 + 7

  9. Treadmill • F and D related to speed and grade • Work rate or power on TM usually expressed as energy output or oxygen cost • VO2walking = 0.1 (speed) + 1.8 (speed) (frac. grade) + 3.5 • VO2running = 0.2 (speed) + 0.9 (speed) (frac. grade) + 3.5

  10. Assessing VO2max • Single best estimate of CR Fitness • Amount of oxygen consumed depends upon: • Ability to transport oxygen • Ability to extract/use oxygen • FICK equation = HR X SV X a-vO2difference

  11. Assessing VO2max • Gold Standard: • Direct Measurement using metabolic equipment and maximal testing • Prediction of maximal VO2: • submaximal tests using HR, time, other • maximal tests (w/o measuring respiratory gases) using maximal workload achieved

  12. Gold Standard – Direct Measure • Maximal testing on appropriate equipment • GXT to exhaustion • Respiratory and Metabolic Equipment (see Chap. 15, pgs. 188-191) • Measures volume of air breathed (spirometry) and metabolic gases • Compares difference in fractions of O2 and CO2 in inspired and expired air • Oxygen (20.93% vs. 14.5 – 18.5%) • CO2 (0.03 – 0.04 vs. 2.5 – 5.5%)

  13. Metabolic Equipment • Mouthpiece/noseclip • Allow air in, prevent air loss • O2 and CO2 analyzer • Connecting hoses

  14. Open Circuit Spirometry • In open-circuit spirometry, the subject breathes room air in and is thus “OPEN” to the environment • Expired air is prevented from leaving the mouthpiece through a valve • The % of O2 and CO2 in inspired and expired air is evaluated by the analyzers to determine O2 use and CO2 production

  15. Metabolic Equipment Calibration • Evaluate analyzers ability to detect gases of known composition • Most metabolic equipment uses autocalibration

  16. Was it really maximal? • Maximal oxygen consumption = single highest oxygen consumption elicited among different modes of exercise • Peak oxygen consumption = highest oxygen consumption for a specific type of exercise • ~ 5-10% lower on TM than on cycle • Related to involved muscle mass and type of training

  17. VO2max Criteria • Plateau of oxygen consumption and HR despite an increase in power level! • No greater than 150 mL.min-1 • RER > 1.05 or more • High Blood Lactate (> 8 mM) • RPE > 17 or 8 • Reaching a previously MEASURED max HR • Failure of HR to rise with increased intensity • Subject exhaustion

  18. Predicting VO2max • Maximal Prediction Tests • Test to exhaustion, but no metabolic equipment • Final work rate used to estimate VO2max • Submaximal Prediction Tests • Based on relationship between VO2max and: • Time or distance of walking/running • Heart rate

  19. Predicting VO2max – Submax tests Lineof best fit • Regression line transforms to a regression equation • SEE = Deviation from the predicted scores (< 15%)

  20. Test Validity • Ability of a test to accurately predict a fitness component • Compare results from prediction test to gold standard test • Correlation > 0.80 is acceptable

  21. Validity R = 0.81

  22. Reliability • Does the fitness test provide the same or similar scores consistently? • Good test-retest reliability = > 0.80 • Direct VO2max measurement tests – reliability is > 0.95 • SE = 2.5 to 5%

  23. Common Prediction Tests • Step Tests • Validity from .46 to .66 • Standard error of estimate (SEE) between 12-15% • Cycle ergometer tests • Validity range from .34 to .94 (average = .64) • SEE between 15 – 20 %

  24. Interpreting Data • Norms vs. standards • Norms – comparative • Standards – desirable or recommended score

  25. General Testing Procedures • PAR-Q, Medical history, Informed Consent • Explanation of Procedures • Testing area – clean, quiet, private, 70-74º • Recording Form • Calculator

  26. General Testing Procedures • Resting measures • Best to sit for 5 minutes • Check to ensure all equipment is calibrated and working

  27. General Testing Procedures • Name, date, time of test, age, gender • Height or stature • record to nearest 0.1cm or ¼ in. • No shoes • Face away from scale • Weight or mass • Minimal clothing • Facing scale • Record to nearest ¼ lb. or .02 kg

  28. Exercise Testing Procedures • Have paper towels/towel nearby • Familiarize with treadmill • Straddle belt when starting • Provide a warm-up and cool-down • Provide encouragement • Use signals to communicate • Keep subject at front of treadmill • Keep sphygmomanometer from underneath TM • At end of test, reduce speed and grade immediately (subject may need to straddle belt)

  29. Termination Criteria • Subject asks to stop • SBP > 260/115 mm Hg or drop in SBP • Dizziness, nausea, extreme SOB • Wheezing • Pain of any kind • MONITOR SUBJECT AT ALL TIMES!!

  30. Karvonen • 220 –age = APMHR • APMHR – RHR = HRR (heart rate reserve) • HRR X 50 – 85% + RHR = Target range

  31. Maximal HR method • 220 – age or 208 - .7(age) = APMHR • APMHR X 50-90%

  32. VO2R Method • VO2max – Resting VO2 = VO2R • VO2R X 50-85% + Rest VO2 = target

  33. Abstract • See Chapter 1, pgs. 14 to 16 • 250 words or less

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