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AP Psychology

Modules 3 & 4. AP Psychology. Neural Communication. Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior Neuron a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system. Neural Communication. Neural Communication. Action Potential

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AP Psychology

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  1. Modules 3 & 4 AP Psychology

  2. Neural Communication • Biological Psychology • branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior • Neuron • a nerve cell • the basic building block of the nervous system

  3. Neural Communication

  4. Neural Communication • Action Potential • a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon • Threshold • the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse • Synapse • Neurotransmitters • chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons

  5. Neural Communication Neurons and How They Work

  6. Neural Communication

  7. Neural Communication • Endorphins [en-DOR-fins] • “morphine within” • natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters • linked to pain control and to pleasure

  8. Nervous system Peripheral Central (brain and spinal cord) Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) The Nervous System

  9. The Nervous System • Nerves • neural “cables” containing many axons • part of the peripheral nervous system • connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs • Sensory Neurons • neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system

  10. The Nervous System • Interneurons • CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs • Motor Neurons • carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands • Somatic Nervous System • the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

  11. Neurons in the brain connect with one another to form networks Inputs Outputs The brain learns by modifying certain connections in response to feedback The Nervous System • Neural Networks

  12. The Endocrine System • Endocrine System • the body’s “slow” chemical communication system • a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

  13. The Brain

  14. The Brain • CT (computed tomography) Scan • Electroencephalogram (EEG) • PET (positron emission tomography) Scan • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

  15. The Brain • Brainstem • the oldest part and central core of the brain, • responsible for automatic survival functions • Medulla • base of the brainstem • controls heartbeat and breathing

  16. The Brain • Reticular Formation • a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal • Thalamus • the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem

  17. The Brain • Cerebellum • the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem • it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

  18. The Limbic System

  19. The Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral Cortex • the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres • the body’s ultimate control and information processing center • Glial Cells • cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

  20. The Cerebral Cortex

  21. The Cerebral Cortex • Motor Cortex • area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements • Sensory Cortex • area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations

  22. Visual and Auditory Cortex

  23. Specialization and Integration

  24. Brain Reorganization • Plasticity • the brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development

  25. Split Brain • a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them

  26. Split Brain “What word did you see?” or “Point with your left hand to the word you saw.” Two words separated by a dot are momentarily projected. “Look at the dot.” Split Brain patient

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