AP PSYCHOLOGY

1. AP PSYCHOLOGY Development Modules 7 – 10 Pages 131 through 183 What is development? Physical development? Cognitive/thought development? Social development?

2. Major Issues Nature vs. Nurture – are we more affected by heredity or environment? Continuity vs. discontinuity – is developmental change gradual, or do we progress through distinct stages?

3. Prenatal Development and the Newborn Developmental Psychology a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span

4. Prenatal Development and the Newborn Congratulations!! Out of 300,000,000 entering the race, YOU WON!

5. Prenatal Development & the Newborn – 3 stages Zygote the fertilized egg enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division develops into an embryo. Embryo the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month. Teratogens most dangerous. Fetus the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

6. Prenatal Development and the Newborn 40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months The age of viability after about 6 months – the age at which the fetus can sustain life if it was delivered prematurely. Any premies in here?

7. Prenatal Development and the Newborn Teratogens agents, such as chemicals and viruses, smoke, alcohol etc. that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking symptoms include misproportioned head

8. Primitive Reflexes Compared to other animals, we don’t know much – Baby scared laugh Giraffe :http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFcFqjEp9co&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 Rooting Reflex tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek Lemons are not nipples Grasp Reflex Tendency to close hand around items. Babinski Reflex Toes flare out when bottom of foot is stroked.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0XY&feature=related Vid Primary Reflexes Preferences human voices and faces facelike images--> smell and sound of mother

9. Prenatal Development and the Newborn Habituation decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

10. Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development Maturation biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience At birth 3 months 15 months Cortical Neurons

11. Physical Development • There is a regular sequence of achievements that begins with: • Holding head erect • Rolling over • Crawling • Sitting up Baby learning to sit up • Standing up • Taking a step or two • Walking Baby first steps • The age at which the baby masters each of these skills varies, but the sequence rarely does.

12. Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997). Body Sense Vid. 10:00 http://vsx.onstreammedia.com/vsx/pbssaf/search/PBSPlayer?assetId=68932&ccstart=0&pt=0&preview=

13. Snapple fact This progression is also found in intellectual development. For example, first the baby coos, then babbles, then utters a first word or two. Then develops a simple vocabulary. One word sentences, then more. Babies can learn to talk from 10 months to 20 months or later. First words

14. Brain Development While in your mothers womb, your body was forming nerve cells at the rate of about one quarter million per minute. At birth, we have all of the brain cells we will ever have, but they’re not developed. What is your earliest memory? You probably can’t remember anything before your 3rd or 4th birthday.

15. Cognitive Development • Cognition, again, refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering. • Jean Piaget • Swiss psychologist who was the first to: • Study the ways infants and children see and understand the world. • Suggest that these ways are profoundly different from those of adults. • Offer a theoretical account of the mental growth process from infancy to adulthood.

16. Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Schema http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAQur-Y_BJY&feature=related Saved a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information Assimilation interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.

17. Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Accommodation adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

18. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Typical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental Phenomena Birth to nearly 2 years Sensorimotor Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing) • Object permanence 8 months • Stranger anxiety About 2 to 6 years • Pretend play • Egocentrism • Language development • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OinqFgsIbh0 Preoperational Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning About 7 to 11 years Concrete operational Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations • Conservation • Mathematical transformations • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLj0IZFLKvg&feature=related About 12 through adulthood Formal operational Abstract reasoning • Abstract logic • Potential for moral reasoning • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjJdcXA1KH8&feature=related

19. Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Object Permanence the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwXd7WyWNHY No object permancence http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJW6KUIdG0s&feature=related Object permanence

20. Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Some researchers argue that Piaget seriously underestimated the intellectual capacities of infants. Baby Mathematics Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer 4. Possible outcome: Screen drops, revealing one object. 3. Object is removed. 1. Objects placed in case. 2. Screen comes up. 4. Impossible outcome: Screen drops, revealing two objects.

21. Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Conservation the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

22. Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Egocentrism the inability of the preoperational child to take another’s point of view Theory of Mind people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict Check out first part of Mind Games Part 3 Autism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VA6Q3vTC_o See Early warning signs autism a disorder that appears in childhood Marked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others’ states of mind.

23. Social Development Stranger Anxiety fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of age Attachment an emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation

24. Social Development and Attachment • Freud believed that the terror of infants at their mother’s absence is based on the expectation that they would go unfed. His view became known as the cupboard theory. • John Bowlby’s theory of attachment. • Babies show interest in people not only because they are the one’s that feed them. Infants are born with social needs.

25. Social Development Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiments Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother. Harry Harlows landmark experiment. Two videos on Harlow

26. Social Development Critical Period an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. Imprinting the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

27. Imprinting and Konrad Lorenz Birds – as soon as ducklings can walk (12 hours after hatching) it will approach and follow virtually any moving stimulus. Generally becomes the ducklings mother. During early months of life, infants will accept substitute mothers. Check Konrad Lorenz and Duck and Dog

28. Separation Anxiety • At about 6 – 8 months, children learn who “mother” is and cry and fuss when she departs. This is called separation anxiety. • The Strange Situation – Mary Ainsworth • A child brought to a strange room full of toys and is allowed to play with them while the mother is present. A stranger then walks in. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU or saved • Strange Situation Mary Ainsworth

29. Stange Situation cont’d The mother then leaves the child with the stanger, then returns: 1. Securely attached – play with toys, show some distress when mother leaves, great enthusiasm upon return. 2. Anxious/resistant – don’t explore toys when mother is present, panicky when she leaves, ambivalent during reunion (run to be picked up and angrily tries to get down). 3. Anxious/avoidant – distant and aloof from outset, little distress when mother leaves, ignore her upon return. * About 65% were securely attached.

30. Social Development Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.

31. Social Development Basic Trust (Erik Erikson) a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers Self-Concept a sense of one’s identity and personal worth

32. Questions on Attachment What about attachment to father? Only 1 in 10 court cases award custody to father. What about day care? What about domestic conflict and divorce? What about no attachment/orphans? Freud says that personality is fixed by the first few years of life. Other researchers say that the past affects the present, but does not determine it.

33. Childhood Socialization • Which one of the following makes sense to you? • Reinforcement Theory – children are socialized by pain and pleasure. • Social Learning Theory – observational learning is the most powerful tool for socialization. • Cognitive Development Theory – an understanding of interpersonal conduct and thought. Similar to obs. learning but more emphasis on the thought process. • Marshmallow Test

34. Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices Authoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedience “Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.” Permissive submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment, Authoritative or Authoritative Reciprocal both demanding and responsive set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion. – Things I’ve learned from my children.

35. Adolescence Adolescence the transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence Puberty the period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of reproduction

36. Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder pg. 161 As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world. ChildsWorld Part 3 10 :00 in and, Sophies choice http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KczxsvVvqGE Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Postconventional level Conventional level Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Preconventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

37. Questions on Morality How many of you have ever cheated on a test? How many of you have ever stolen anything? ANYTHING!!? Have you ever hit a car and not left a note? If you were hanging in the house of the person you were dating, and they left the house for a second – you noticed their journal – would you read it? Dark Knight Morality Vid

38. Moral Dilemmas The overcrowded lifeboat. Fat man and impending doom. The callous passerby. A poisonous cup of coffee. Scientific American Frontiers Tough Choices Alda Vid. http://vsx.onstreammedia.com/vsx/pbssaf/search/PBSPlayer?assetId=68624&ccstart=0&pt=0&preview=

39. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development pg. 163 Approximate age Stage Description of Task Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants (1st year) develop a sense of basic trust. Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks (3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying (6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior.

40. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Approximate age Stage Description of Task Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20’s) form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40’s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older (late 60’s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or up) failure.

41. Adolescence: Social Development Identity one’s sense of self the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles Intimacy the ability to form close, loving relationships a primary developmental task in late adolescence and earlyadulthood

42. Adulthood: Physical Development Menopause the time of natural cessation of menstruation also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines Alzheimer’s Disease http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wv9jrk-gXc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWJ09iI3cc4&feature=channel Or, Two vids on Alzheimers a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning

43. Adulthood: Cognitive Development Crystallized Intelligence one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tends to increase with age Fluid Intelligence ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly tends to decrease during late adulthood Life by the numbers TLC Human Body A few more child observation ideas: Vid. Kids Say the Darndest Things