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Lecture 18 The Church and Politics in Medieval Europe and Cluny

Lecture 18 The Church and Politics in Medieval Europe and Cluny. Dr. Ann T. Orlando 15 October 2013. Introduction. Review 10 th -12 th C Europe England France HRE Church Scandal and Reform Monks and Popes Lay Investiture . Review History 600 - 900.

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Lecture 18 The Church and Politics in Medieval Europe and Cluny

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  1. Lecture 18 The Church and Politics in Medieval Europe and Cluny Dr. Ann T. Orlando 15 October 2013

  2. Introduction • Review • 10th-12th C Europe • England • France • HRE • Church Scandal and Reform • Monks and Popes • Lay Investiture

  3. Review History 600 - 900 • Muslim Arab armies conquer much of Eastern Empire, Southern Mediterranean, North Africa, Spain • Expansion into Europe stopped by Charles Martel (Charlemagne’s grandfather) and Pepin the Short (Charlemagne's father) • Charlemagne • United Western Europe • Crowned by Pope Leo III in 800 • After Charlemagne • Kingdom divided between his sons • Infighting among them led to fracturing of political unity in Europe • Papal claims to political control in West • Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) • Lost its southern Mediterranean territory to Arab armies • Increasingly unhappy with Western claims to be the ‘Roman’ Empire

  4. Political Developments in England • Anglo Saxons initially able to fend off Viking raiders • King Alfred Great, d. 899 being most famous • William the Conqueror from Normandy 1066 defeated Anglo-Saxons at Battle of Hastings • Established Norman rule in England • Because local barons were defeated, setup a strong national governing system in England • Set stage for sporadic battles and wars between England and France; • Normans in England claimed much of France • Culminated in the Hundred Years War, 1339-1453

  5. Political Developments in France • France subdivided into numerous independent duchies (Normandy, Anjou, Aquitaine, Burgundy, etc.) • Ruling families from these duchies vied with each other for power • There was a king, but his power was based upon the land holdings of his duchy. Other duchies owed him troops and support for mutual defense

  6. Developments in Holy Roman Empire (Germany, Austria, Northern Italy) • Otto I, the Great, (912-973) established a strong kingdom in the center of Europe on the Carolingian model • Conquered northern Italy 951 • Defeated Magyar invasions 955 • Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII • Beginning of a concept last until 1806 (or maybe 1918) • Henry III (ruled 1039-1056) powerful enough to control papacy • But his son, Henry IV was not

  7. Europe in 11th Cwww.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/1090map.htm

  8. Papacy 900 - 1050 • Century after Charlemagne and his successors • Political power in Europe shifted to Germany (Holy Roman Empire, Otto I) • Papal military and political alliances shaky • Popes of 10th C infamous for corruption and scandal • John XII supposedly died while making love to a prostitute • Stephen VI strangled • Benedict VI smothered • Papacy the instrument of competing aristocratic Roman families • Nepotism • Simony • Widespread sexual, fiscal abuse by clergy at all levels • Reform will come from monastery

  9. Monasticism: Cluny • Charter for Foundation of Cluny, 910 • Return to Benedict’s Rule; especially reading of Divine Office • But encouraged prayer and study over physical work • Established a series of daughter monasteries under the direction of the abbot of Cluny • While monks were poor, monasteries became wealthy • Encouraged development of visual arts in service of religion • Abbot Suger: ‘Man rises to God through beauty’

  10. Romanesque Art: 10, 11th C • Impact of Cluny • Example: Vezelay (where Bernard preached 2nd Crusade) http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/vezelay.html

  11. St. Peter Damian (1007-1072) • Entered a Cluniac Monastery near Gubbio, Italy • Deeply concerned about sexual license among clergy and corruption of papacy • Through tireless preaching and teaching brought about some reforms • Close friends of Hildebrand (soon to be Pope Gregory VII) • Doctor of Church

  12. Monasticism: Anchorites • Peter Damian suggested that a more hermetic life might be appropriate to get back to ‘the desert’ and spirituality • Several new orders founded to encourage this, most famous Carthusians • Founded by St. Bruno (1030-1101) in 1084 • Named for motherhouse in Chartreuse • Each monk lives alone in silence following rule written by St. Bruno

  13. Pope St. Gregory VII (1020-1085) • Entered Cluny as a young man • Known as a reformer in the mold of Peter Damian • Elected Pope amid great dissention 1073 • Key ecclesial changes in his pontificate • Deposition of all clergy who achieved office through simony • Forbade married priests to celebrate Mass • Most famous for encounter with Emperor Henry IV and lay investiture of bishops • Set stage for his successor Urban II • Crusades • Establishment of Curia and more efficient papal administration

  14. Pope and Holy Roman Emperor • Otto the Great, King of East Franks (Germans), King/Emperor ruled 936-973 • Made bishops civil officials within his kingdom • Emperor gives the bishop the civil and religious symbols of his office • Beginning of ‘lay investiture’ controversy • Celibacy of bishops meant Otto did not have to worry about competing families to his own • Otto crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope, in return agreement that no Pope could be elected without consent of Holy Roman Emperor • http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_17.190.229.jpg

  15. Pope and HRE (cont.) • Pope Gregory VII assertion of Papal primacy, DictatusPapae; • Emperor cannot invest bishops with symbols of office, or participate in election of Pope • Henry IV refuses to accept DictatusPapae • Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Emperor Henry IV; • Henry repents at Canossa and is forgiven

  16. Pope and HRE (cont.) • Concordat of Worms (1122) • Compromise resolves (temporarily) issues between Pope and Holy Roman Emperor • Agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Henry V • Pope selects bishops and abbots, and invests them with symbols of spiritual office • Emperor can invest bishops and abbots with lay responsibilities and be present at installation

  17. Pope and English King • St. Thomas Becket murdered by Henry II in 1170; • Henry forced to do penance by Pope Alexander III • NB Becket’s body destroyed in 1538 on orders of Henry VIII • Pontificate of Innocent III (r. 1198-1216) • Maintained that all kings were vassals of Pope • Challenged by King John in England; Innocent placed an interdict on England, saying that people were not obliged to acknowledge John as King • Note: John younger brother of Richard Lionhearted, on Crusade during this time • John repents and acknowledges his position as vassal to Pope • John, in a now weakened position, is forced by his barons to sign the Magna Carta(1215)

  18. Assignments • Charter of Cluny, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/chart-cluny.html • Pope Gregory VII, DictatusPapae, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/g7-dictpap.asp

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