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THE COLD WAR

THE COLD WAR. Competition between superpowers for influence in the world after WWII Clash of ideologies Democracy vs Dictatorship Capitalism vs Communism “Cold” b/c US & USSR never actually fought each other. Soviet Post-War Goals. Communist Goals. Stalin’s Goals.

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THE COLD WAR

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  1. THE COLD WAR • Competition between superpowers for influence in the world after WWII • Clash of ideologies Democracy vs Dictatorship Capitalism vs Communism • “Cold” b/c US & USSR never actually fought each other

  2. Soviet Post-War Goals Communist Goals Stalin’s Goals Rebuilding of Soviet Union Creation of “Buffer Zone” to protect USSR from future invasions • Consolidation of communist controls where it already existed • Spread of communism to new areas • Eventual “world domination”

  3. Cold War Strategies • Arms Race • Aid to rebel or gov’t forces • Espionage • Propaganda • Space Race

  4. Origins of the Cold War 1945 – Bringing World War II to an end Feb – YALTA CONFERENCE “ Big Three ” Purpose: to work out future of Poland & Germany

  5. Yalta Decisions • What to do with a defeated Germany? • Will the Soviet Union help defeat Japan? • What about Poland? • How can future wars be prevented?

  6. Nuremberg Trials – High German officials tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

  7. Soviet Union declared war on Japan the day after the first atomic bomb was dropped.

  8. Poland - Occupied by Soviet Army - Stalin agreed to “free elections” after the war

  9. United Nations • Created to help keep the • peace and to promote the • betterment of humanity • Strengths: Weaknesses: • * Membership for all nations * No power to enforce decisions • * Participation by world powers* Veto power of Sec. Council • * No military of its own

  10. Security Council 15 members 5 permanent Veto power US, GB, FR, USSR, China General Assembly All nations One vote each Economic and Social Council International Court of Justice Secretariat

  11. Potsdam Conference July 1945 New leaders: Truman (FDR had died) Clement Atlee (Replaced Churchill as British PM during the Conference) Increases tensions over reparations and territory

  12. IRON CURTAIN http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvax5VUvjWQ

  13. Marshall Plan $12 billion to aid in the economic recovery of Europe Truman Doctrine $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey to fight communist rebels CONTAINMENTpolicy of keeping communism contained within its present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions

  14. COMECON Soviet response to Marshall plan Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Est’d 1949

  15. Communist Takeover in Czechoslovakia Feb. 1948 Key members of Czech gov’t die mysteriously Pro-western President forced to resign, new constitution ratified Complete takeover by Czech communists

  16. Berlin Airlift Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, ’48 From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British planes airlift 1.5 million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin. After 200,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade.

  17. NATO

  18. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

  19. Warsaw Pact (1955) • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia

  20. Bipolarization of Europe

  21. The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?” • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. • Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

  22. Communism in China Civil War Resumes 1946-1949 Mao Zedong Communist Chiang Kai Shek Nationalist

  23. Victory by Chinese communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong. • US supported nationalists were forced to retreat to Taiwan.

  24. Mainland China = People’s Republic of China (Communist China) Taiwan = Republic of China (non-communist)

  25. Korea Divided

  26. Korean War • June 1950 • North Korean forces crossed the 38th Parallel. • UN sent in forces (led by US) to aid South Korea. • General Douglas MacArthur • Never technically declared a war - but was considered “a police action.”

  27. China Enters the Korean War • US-UN troops pushed North Koreans back over the 38th Parallel and into North Korea. • When Americans reached the border between North Korea and China, the Chinese attacked, pushing the Americans back into South Korea. • “War” ended with a truce – still in force. • Korea remains divided at the 38th Parallel.

  28. The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

  29. Attitudes at Home • Lived with “threat of nuclear war” • Possibility of “massive retaliation” • Fallout shelters built • New “Red Scare”

  30. Government Response • Creation of Department of Defense, National Security Council, and CIA • HUAC – House Un-American Activities Committee – formed to root out communists in American government • Blacklisting of many “Hollywood” activists

  31. McCarthyism: 1950 - 54 • “Witch Hunt” led by Senator Joseph McCarthy • Convinced communists had infiltrated the US government and the US military. • Series of hearings of suspected communists

  32. The Space Race • SPUTNIK 1 • Oct 4, 1957 • First artificial satellite • Alarmed US • Response = • US space program (NASA) • Increased emphasis on math & science in schools

  33. Race to Space USA USSR April 1961 Yuri Gagarin first human in space June 1963 Valentina Tereshkova first woman in space • 1958 - Explorer I first American satellite • May 1961 – Alan Shepard first American in space • Feb 1962 John Glenn first Am. to orbit earth • July 1969 – Neil Armstrong first to set foot on the moon

  34. Cuban Revolution • 1956 Fidel Castro led a revolution against a dictatorship. • In its place, set up a communist dictatorship.

  35. Bay of Pigs • 1961 US-CIA sponsored invasion of Cuba by 1500 C. exiles Total disaster Embarrassment for JFK

  36. Soviet Union put missiles in Cuba that were capable of reaching US cities. US demanded removal of the missiles. Almost went to war with Soviet Union! Cuban Missile Crisis

  37. Vietnam = Part of French colonial empire US first got involved helping the French put down rebellion. 1954 Vietnam was divided into North (communist) Vietnam and South (non-communist) Vietnam Vietnam War

  38. Vietnam War • Grew out of efforts by North Vietnam to gain control of South Vietnam • NV Leader = Ho Chi Minh • US supported South V. as part of its containment policy and the domino theory. • War ended with Communist conquest of South Vietnam in 1975.

  39. Tet Offensive • Turning Point in Vietnam War • 1968 Viet Cong and N Vietnamese campaign to drive Americans out • Lasted 8 months • Ultimately failed to achieve its goal but did lead many people in the US to question our presence in Vietnam. • Led to strong anti-war movement in US

  40. End of Cold War Michael Gorbachev Ronald Reagan 1991

  41. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/europe/02/euro_borders/html/11.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/europe/02/euro_borders/html/11.stm

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