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Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850. Chapter 23. The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815). 1 After Defeat of Napoleon. Victorious Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia call the shots French boundaries of 1792 restored French royals restored ( the Bourbons )
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Ideologies and Upheavals1815-1850 Chapter 23
1 After Defeat of Napoleon • Victorious Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia call the shots • French boundaries of 1792 restored • French royals restored ( the Bourbons ) • 2 Balance of Power- an international equilibrium of political and military force
3. Key Players at Vienna Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)
Changes Made at Vienna • Norway and Sweden were joined. • The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. • Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom. • Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. • Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa. • The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies. • The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise. • The slave trade was condemned (at British urging). • Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.
4. Crusade vs. Liberalism • Led by Metternich • Holy Alliance between Austria, Prussia and Russia vs. revolutionary ideas • Liberals squashed in Sicily and Spain • But Latin American colonies leave Spain • Carlsbad decrees represses subversive ideas in German states
5. Metternich & Conservatism • “Best state made up of monarchy, bureaucracy, & aristocracy” • He claims that liberalism stirs up lower classes and causes war and bloodshed • He was afraid that nationalistic liberalism in Central Europe would break up the Austrian Empire • Hungarians, Czechs and minority Germans were dissatisfied groups
6 What were the radical ideas opposed by the establishment?
a. Liberalism • Representative government • Individual Freedoms • Little government intervention • Unregulated economy- “laissez-faire” • Championed by Adam Smith who argued for a free economy and no mercantilism • Adopted by British business and middle class to keep lower classes down • Radical liberals wanted universal suffrage
John Locke • Contract theory of government. • Regarded the state as ahuman construction, established by an originalcontract. • Limited, constitutional government. • Civil society of free men, equal under the rule of law, bound together by no common purpose but sharing respect for each other’s rights. • Doctrine of natural rights. • Links private property with individual liberty.
Adam Smith • His Wealth of Nations adds an economic dimension. • He merged Locke’s ideas of civil society with economic theory. • Free trade economics. • Saw the “invisible hand” where a benevolent God administered a universe in which human happiness was maximized.
Jean Jacques Rousseau • His Social Contract andtheory of the “general will” demonstrates an alternative origin of Liberalism. • Men must resolve problemsthrough our capacity tochoose how we ought to live. • Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains. • Humans are essentially free, but the ‘progress’ of civilization has substituted subservience to others for that freedom.
b. Nationalism • Believed in cultural unity • Groups should be united by culture and language • Fanned by ceremonies, parades and traditions • “ the people” linked nationalism with democracy • Nationalism becomes negative when it becomes “us” vs. “them”
c. French Utopian Socialism • No individualism- must have cooperation and sense of community • Economic equality • No private property • Against laissez faire and for the skilled worker
Socialist Leaders • Saint-Simon: planned societies would improve condition of poor • Fourier: criticized middle class customs and sexual-marriage customs • Blanc: supported government backed factories to provide guaranteed jobs
d. Marxism • Begun by Marx and Engels • Believed workers ( proletariat ) were exploited by middle class (bourgeoisie) • Workers would some day revolt against capitalist • Profits were wages stolen from workers
The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx Friedrich Engels
Historicism • The “Hegelian Dialectic” • History advances through conflict. • One phase of history creates its opposite [ex: absolutism to democracy]. Thesis Antithesis George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel[1744-1803] Synthesis
e. Romanticism • Believed in emotional exuberance, imagination and spontaneity • Stressed individualism and rejected materialism • Emphasized nature and emphasized the study of history • History was the way to understand national destiny
The Romantic Movement • Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s. • Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany. • A reaction against classicism. • The “Romantic Hero:” • Greatest example was Lord Byron • Tremendously popular among the European reading public. • Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness.
1. Emotions! Passion! Irrationality!
2. The "Rugged" Individual
3. The Power & Fury of Nature
Sunset After a Storm On the Coast of Sicily – Andreas Achenbach, 1853
The Wreck of the Hope (aka The Sea of Ice)Caspar David Friedrich, 1821
4. Science Can Be Dangerous!
5. The "New" Technology Is Dehumanizing
6. Romanticizing Country Life
7. The Gothic: "Romanticizing" the Middle Ages
