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New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS

New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS . CLASS 15, Section 2 Pages 186-194. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION. CLASS NUMBER 15 SECTION TWO THE GOSPEL OF MARK The problems with the end of MARK. Was this really written by MARK or was it added on? Does it matter if it was added on? .

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New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS

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  1. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS CLASS 15, Section 2 Pages 186-194

  2. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION • CLASS NUMBER 15 • SECTION TWO • THE GOSPEL OF MARK • The problems with the end of MARK. Was this really written by MARK or was it added on? • Does it matter if it was added on?

  3. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Many scholars believe that MARK 16 was intended to end at verse 8. • Jerome believed it. • Eusebius said it. • Is it true? MARK’s LAST CHAPTER

  4. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • EUSEBIUS OF CAESAREA (AD 260-340). • Well respected and known throughout time as the FATHER OF EARLY CHURCH HISTORY. • He wrote “HISTORY OF THE EARLY CHURCH” (Pent-324). WHERE WAS MARK?

  5. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • EUSEBIUS OF CAESAREA (AD 260-340). • EUSEBIUS also authored some fascinating commentary on the book of Psalms and the prophet Isaiah. • He was very controversial and was excommunicated. WHERE WAS MARK?

  6. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • EUSEBIUS OF CAESAREA (AD 260-340). • Later re-instated, he still was rumored to have conflict with the NICAEA creed which was developed at the Council of Nicaea in 325. • He claimed Mark was in Rome when writing. WHERE WAS MARK?

  7. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • St. Jerome, who was born Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus, was the most learned of the Fathers of the Western Church. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  8. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • He was born about the year 342 at Stridonius, a small town at the head of the Adriatic, near the episcopal city of Aquileia. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  9. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS •  His father, a Christian, instructed him well at home then sent him to Rome where the young man's teachers were the famous pagan  • grammarian Donatus and Victorinus, a rhetorician. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  10. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Jerome's native tongue was the Illyrian dialect, but at Rome he became fluent in Latin and Greek. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  11. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Yet in spite of the pagan and hedonistic influences around him, Jerome was baptized by Pope Liberius in 360.  Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  12. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS •  Early life quote - “It was my custom on Sundays to visit, with friends of my own age and tastes, the tombs of the martyrs and Apostles, going down into those Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  13. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS subterranean galleries whose walls on both sides preserve the relics of the dead.”  Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  14. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • After three years at Rome, Jerome's  • intellectual curiosity led him to explore other parts of the world. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  15. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • He visited his home and then, accompanied by his boyhood friend Bonosus, went to Aquileia, where he made friends among the monks, notably Rufinus. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  16. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Then he traveled to Treves, in Gaul. He now renounced all secular pursuits to dedicate himself wholeheartedly to God. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  17. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Eager to build up a religious library, he copied out St. Hilary's books and his commentaries on the Psalms, other literary and religious treasures.  Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  18. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • He returned to Stridonius, and later settled in Aquileia. The  • bishop had cleared the church there of the plague of Arianism and had drawn many eminent men. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  19. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Still a man of unchecked lust, he writes of his self-imposed punishment: • “I many times imagined myself watching the dancing of Roman maidens… Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  20. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS as if I had been in the midst of them. My face was pallid with fasting, yet my will felt the assaults of desire. In my cold body and my parched flesh, Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  21. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS which seemed dead before its death, passion was still able to live. Alone with the enemy, I threw myself in spirit at the feet of Jesus, Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  22. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS watering them with my tears, and tamed my flesh by fasting whole weeks. I am not ashamed to disclose my temptations, though I grieve that I am not now what I then was." Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  23. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Jerome added to these trials the study of Hebrew, a discipline which he hoped would help him in winning a victory over himself.  Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  24. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Jerome speaks of his personal frustration: • “I turned to this language of hissing and broken-winded words. What labor it cost me, Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  25. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS what difficulties I went through, how often I despaired and abandoned it and began again to learn, both I, who felt the burden, Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  26. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS and they who lived with me, can bear witness. I thank our Lord that I now gather such sweet fruit from the bitter sowing of those studies.”  Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  27. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • The church at Antioch  • was greatly disturbed at this time by party and doctrinal disputes and called on Jerome, the most learned of them, to give his opinions. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  28. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • He wrote for guidance to Pope Damasus at Rome. Failing to receive an answer, he wrote again… Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  29. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • "On one side, the Arian fury rages, supported by the secular power; on the other side, the Church (at Antioch) is being divided into three parts, and each would draw me to itself.”  Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  30. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • About 380, Jerome went to Constantinople to study the Scriptures under the Greek, Gregory of Nazianzus, then  • bishop of that city. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  31. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Two years later he went back to Rome with Paulinus of Antioch to attend a council which Pope Damasus was holding to deal with the Antioch schism. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  32. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Appointed secretary of the council, Jerome acquitted himself so well that, when it was over, Damasus kept him there as his own secretary. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  33. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • At the Pope's  • request he prepared a revised text, based on the Greek, of the Latin New Testament, the current version of which had been disfigured. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  34. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • “Wrong copying, clumsy correction, and careless interpolations.” • He also revised the Latin psalter. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  35. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • Christianity has spread primarily through Greek. • Syrian and Latin were the main languages of the world in 4th - 5th centuries.  • 384, Jerome completed the Gospels. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  36. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • In 404, Jerome had completed his Latin Vulgate Bible. • Vulgate was a “Dynamic Equivalence” translation NOT a word-for-word or “Formal Equivocal”. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  37. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • With all his study Jerome did not feel that MARK continued past verse 8 of the 16th chapter. • This based upon earlier translations. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  38. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS • That arguments over the last verses of Mark’s gospel were stern and steep does not discredit it but actually lends creed to its importance. Jerome on MARK St. Jerome Doctor of the Church

  39. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION MARK, THE CONFLICT MARK 16:1-8 Now when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices, that they might come and anoint Him. 

  40. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION MARK, THE CONFLICT MARK 16:1-8 2 Very early in the morning, on the first day of the week, they came to the tomb when the sun had risen. 3 And they said among themselves,

  41. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION MARK, THE CONFLICT MARK 16:1-8 “Who will roll away the stone from the door of the tomb for us?” 4 But when they looked up, they saw that the stone had been rolled away—for it was very large. 

  42. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION MARK, THE CONFLICT MARK 16:1-8 5 And entering the tomb, they saw a young man clothed in a long white robe sitting on the right side; and they were alarmed.

  43. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION MARK, THE CONFLICT MARK 16:1-8 6 But he said to them, “Do not be alarmed. You seek Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified. He is risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid Him. 

  44. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION MARK, THE CONFLICT MARK 16:1-8 7 But go, tell His disciples—and Peter—that He is going before you into Galilee; there you will see Him, as He said to you.” 8 So they went out quickly 

  45. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION MARK, THE CONFLICT MARK 16:1-8  and fled from the tomb, for they trembled and were amazed. And they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid.

  46. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION • KEY POINTS: • There is no bad theology missing or introduced up to this point. • It is comparable to the gospel of Matthew and LUKE in theology.

  47. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION MARK, THE CONFLICT MARK 16:9-10   Now when He rose early on the first day of the week, He appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom He had cast seven demons. 

  48. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION MARK, THE CONFLICT MARK 16:9-10 10 She went and told those who had been with Him, as they mourned and wept. 11 And when they heard that He was alive and had been seen by her, they did not believe.

  49. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION • KEY POINTS: • This passage adds some important detail to the PURPOSES of Jesus’ ministry. • Jesus restored the voice credibility of women to testify of HIM.

  50. New TESTAMENT FOUNDATION MARK, THE CONFLICT MARK 16:12-13 After that, He appeared in another form to two of them as they walked and went into the country.13 And they went and told it to the rest, but they did not believe them either.

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