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MINERALOGY Some Common Minerals Illustrated by Charina Cameron

MINERALOGY Some Common Minerals Illustrated by Charina Cameron. Mineral Groups. Nearly 4000 minerals Only a few dozen are abundant in Earth’s crust These are the rock-forming minerals 8 elements comprise the bulk of these minerals They also represent 98% of the continental crust: O 47%

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MINERALOGY Some Common Minerals Illustrated by Charina Cameron

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  1. MINERALOGYSome Common Minerals Illustratedby Charina Cameron

  2. Mineral Groups • Nearly 4000 minerals • Only a few dozen are abundant in Earth’s crust • These are the rock-forming minerals • 8 elements comprise the bulk of these minerals • They also represent 98% of the continental crust: • O 47% • Si 28% • Al 8% • Fe 5% • Ca 4% • Na 3% • K 3% • Mg 2% Silicate minerals

  3. Major Properties of Minerals • Crystal form • Luster (metallic, non-metallic, etc.) • Colour (often due to impurities) • Streak (colour of powder) • Hardness (Moh’s scale: 1 to 10) • Cleavage • none or up to 6 surfaces • planes of weakness in crystal structure • Fracture (conchoidal, etc.) • Specific gravity • density compared to water • galena is much greater than quartz (2.65)

  4. Special Mineral Properties • Magnetic • Elastic • malleable • taste • smell • feel • Soapy • Greasy • Double refraction • Reaction to HCl

  5. Moh’s HARDNESS SCALE 1 7 4 Quartz Fluorite Talc 8 Topaz 2 5 Gypsum 9 Apatite Corundum 6 3 10 Orthoclase Calcite Diamond

  6. Common Mineral Groups • Sulfides S2- • Oxides O2- • Carbonates (CO3)2- • Sulphates (SO4)2- • Phosphates (PO4)3- • Halides F,Cl, etc. • Native elements Au, Cu, C, etc. • Silicates (SiO4)4-

  7. SULFIDES • Pyrite Chalcopyrite Galena • FeS2 (Cu,Fe)S2 PbS • Sphalerite • (Zn,Fe)S

  8. OXIDES • Hematite Limonite Magnetite • Fe2O3 Fe2O3·nH2O Fe3O4 • Corundum • Al2O3

  9. CARBONATES • Double refraction in Calcite CaCO3 • Dolomite crystals (Ca,Mg)CO3 • Siderite • FeCO3

  10. CARBONATES • Calcite crystals from a vein in Wolfville Formation, showing 3 perfect cleavages not at right angles

  11. CARBONATES • Hexagonal Calcite crystals from Scots Bay Fm

  12. SULPHATES • Gypsum CaSO4·nH2O • Anhydrite CaSO4

  13. PHOSPHATES • Apatite Ca3(PO4)2

  14. HALIDES • Fluorite CaF2 4 cleavages • Halite NaCl 3 cleavages at right angles

  15. NATIVE ELEMENTS • Sulphur S8 • Gold Au tiny nuggets panned at Ovens, Nova Scotia • Graphite C • Diamond C

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