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Topic 3 . Greek Civilization

Topic 3 . Greek Civilization. Pan Hong 潘红 School of Foreign Languages 外国语学院. The Palace Civilizations in the Aegean: The Minoans 米诺斯文化. the island of Crete, the city of Knossos Legendary king Minos---son of Zeus and Europa Cretan society---matrilineal

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Topic 3 . Greek Civilization

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  1. Topic 3 . Greek Civilization Pan Hong潘红 School of Foreign Languages外国语学院

  2. The Palace Civilizations in the Aegean: The Minoans米诺斯文化 • the island of Crete, the city of Knossos • Legendary king Minos---son of Zeus and Europa • Cretan society---matrilineal • written language: Linear A • monumental sculpture — Lion Gate

  3. Greek and Phoenician Overseas Migration

  4. Map of the Aegean Sea Region

  5. Peter Paul Rubens: The Rape of Europe, 1628-1629

  6. Theseus killed Minotaur

  7. The Mycenaean civilization • the Minoans were conquered by the Myceneans written language (Linear B) • the Trojan War—legendary King Agamemnon • Cultural Influence ofHomer's Iliad and Odyssey • Dorians

  8. Lion gate

  9. Map of Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations

  10. Dark Age (The Greek dark ages, Homeric Age) Homer 荷马 Iliad 《伊利亚特》 Odyssey《奥德赛》

  11. The Judgement of Paris by William Etty 18th C

  12. Christopher MarloweThe face that launch'd a thousand ships Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships,And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss.Her lips suck forth my soul: see where it flies!

  13. Helen

  14. The Trojan Horse

  15. Laocoön

  16. The Cultural Influence of the Legend of the Trojan War the establishment of ‘Greek character’: • collective identity • Greek values and the Greek world view • two very important words repeatedly used throughout the Homeric epics: honor (timé ) virtue or greatness (areté )

  17. Odysseus & The Sirens

  18. Penelope and the Suitors

  19. The Return of Odysseus

  20. The Rise of the Greek Polis --- the city-state 城邦 The City-State: Citizenship within a community Government • Monarchy君主政治 • Oligarchy寡头政治 • Tyranny专制政治 • Democracy民主政治

  21. Sparta ----SPARTAN TOTALITARIANISM • Client city-state of Messenia revolted C. 900 BC. • Legendary king Lycurgus social classes The descendants of the Dorians---- Spartiates (Citizens). Descendants of the Ionians ---Free people Descendents of the Laconians--- Helots (Slaves) eugenics优生学

  22. Athens---Athenian Democracy • early Athenian government---an aristocracy • Ecclesia (Assembly) King; Archons; Judges; Democratic reformers • Draco--- harsh laws, "Draconian". • Solon; Pisistratus; Cleisthenes; • Athens---absolute demcracy by the middle of the 5th century BC • The Areopagus最高法院 • Ostracism贝壳流放, 陶片流放

  23. Acropolis (卫城) as seen from the Areopagus (Mars Hill)

  24. Ruins of the polis

  25. 776BC: The beginning of the Olympic Games • unified national, spiritual and racial beliefs. • competitive -- to be the best is the highest honour • no material rewards--- the winners were presented with a simple olive wreath crown橄榄枝花冠 • Poets and writers presented their works to a large audience • members of different city-states met to socialise

  26. The statue of Nike ( Greek goddess of victory) in the Temple of Zeus in Olympia.

  27. Nike in stamp and 2004 Athen Olympic Medal

  28. The Persian Wars • The First Persian Campaign (492 BC) Hellespont (Dardenelles Strait) 达达尼尔海峡 • The Second Persian Campaign (491-490 BC). Battle of Marathon • The Third Persian Campaign (480-479 BC).

  29. Map of the Persian war

  30. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) • The Athenians became the dominant city-state after the Persian wars. • Athens was rebuilt during this time into a beautiful city. • The Peloponnesian War destroyed the Age of Pericles. • The Spartan Hegemony 404-371 B.C. • The Theban Hegemony 371-362 B.C. • state of anarchy and disunity

  31. Map of Peloponnesus

  32. Alexander the Great

  33. Hellenistic Greece (323-30 B.C.), Hellenism • urbanism, cosmopolitanism, cultural blending • Philip of Macedon(359-336 BC) • Alexander the Great(336-323 BC)The Three Empires 1.Antignous: the Greek possessions 2.Ptolemy: Egypt and Palestine (Ptolemaic Kingdom) 3.Seleucus: the Asiatic possessions (the Seleucid Kingdom )

  34. Heraclitus of Ephesus : influence -- Stoicism, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche • Everything flows and nothing abides. Everything gives way and nothing stays fixed. You cannot step twice into the same river, for other waters and yet others go ever flowing on. • Confucius (551-479 BC) Master Confucius standing by a stream, said “ it passes on just like this, not ceasing day or night!”

  35. The Socratic School 469-399BC: Socrates ---elenchus反驳论证, Socratic paradox 427-347 BC: Plato--- "Trial and Death of Socrates", "Republic" 384-322 BC: Aristotle

  36. Plato's Contribution to Philosophy • carved out a subject matter for philosophy by formulating and discussing a wide range of metaphysical and ethical questions. • The Analogy of the Ideal Republic • The Allegory of the Cave

  37. Plato : The Allegory of the Cave洞穴理论

  38. Socrates Often mistaken for a Sophist because he was skeptical and interested in human affairs Questioning, “Socratic method” Phaedo by Plato Charges of corrupting the youth and doubting the gods Plato A student of Socrates The Academy Attacks Sophist theory of relative truth The imperfect surface of things conceal perfect, absolute, and eternal order Doctrine of Ideas It is in the Ideas that we will discover absolute truths and standards Socrates and Plato

  39. Plato’s Republic • Views on education, literature, arts, social and political thought • Human institutions should aim, not at complete individual freedom and equality, but at social justice and order • The state must be structured according to natural capacities

  40. Aristotle • Student of Plato • Accepted Plato’s notion of the existence of ideas but held that physical matter also is a part of reality • By logical thinking, people can gain knowledge of the purposes of things and their interrelations • Politics • Analysis of major types of political organizations • Monarchy • Oligarchy • Democracy • The Golden Mean

  41. The Hellenistic Philosophers Cynicism---Diogenes (400-325 BC) "No, not life itself, but living wrongly is evil" Stoicism Zeno of Citium(335-270 BC) taught in the stoa poikile in Athens, and his adherents accordingly obtained the name of Stoics. Epicureanism伊比鸠鲁学说, Epicureus (341-270 BC "eat, drink and be merry"

  42. Athenian philosophers looked inward to the human mind and there discovered logos, Human Reason. With this discovery, they bequeathed to the centuries which followed a series of profound, important questions: • what is the nature of reality? • what is the nature of illusion? • what is knowledge? • what is the good life? • what is justice? • what is virtue? • why am I here? • what does it all mean? When the Greeks proposed these questions they at the same time fashioned a world view, that is, a tool with which to understand man and man's place in the cosmos.

  43. Diogenes, the Cynic (400-325 BC)"No, not life itself, but living wrongly is evil"

  44. Alexander and Diogenes

  45. Greek Art • Greek art reflected the ideals of the Greek culture. • Greek art began as decoration for pottery, also used as architectural decoration and construction. • Greek art reached its height in the mode of sculpture.

  46. Aphrodite of Melos

  47. Disc-thrower

  48. The Aphrodite of Melos

  49. Greek Religion Greek religion reflected Greek ideals. Gods---Mt.Olympus human characteristics, human desires and weaknesses Greeks celebrated their religion through festivals and oracles. the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi the Olympic Festival Dionysus (Bacchus)--- The god of wine and of an orgiastic religion celebrating the power and fertility of nature.

  50. fertility of nature.Greek Gallery of the Gods was known as the "Pantheon". Zeus; The chief god and god of weather. Hera; Sister/wife of Zeus and protectoress of married women, children and the home. Poseidon; Brother of Zeus and god of the seas and horses. Pluto; God of the underworld of Hades. Athena; Goddess of wisdom, virginity and protectoress of Athens. Apollo; God of the sun, truth, music and poetry. Hermes; Messenger of the gods. Eros; God of love, who shot arrows of love into people. Dionysus; God of fertility. Artemis; goddess of the moon and hunters. Demeter; Goddess of crops and fruits. Ares; God of war. Hephaestrus; God of fire and artisans.

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