BYCATCH MITIGATION ON SHRIMP TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA

1. BYCATCH MITIGATION ON SHRIMP TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA Presented in Meeting on Coral Triangle Fishers Forum Denpasar, 15-17 June2010 BY: WUDIANTO and BAMBANG SUMIONO 2010 RESEARCH CENTER FOR CAPTURE FISHERIES AGENCY FOR MARINE AND FISHERIES RESEARCH

2. OUT LINE • INTRODUCTION • DEVELOPMENT OF TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA • BYCATCH AND DISCARD IN TRAWL FISHERIES • HOW TO METIGATE BYCATCH IN TRAWL FISHERIES • RESEARCH ON BYCATCH IN TRAWL FISHERIES • CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION • Continental Shelf : • South China Sea • Malacca Strait • Java Sea • Arafura Sea South China Sea Pacific Ocean • Deep Sea : • Indian Ocean • Pacific Ocean • Banda Sea • Sulawesi Sea Java Sea Arafura Sea Indian Ocean Based on this topography--- the species of fish resources are significantly diffrerent among those areas

4. Fisheries Management Areas in Indonesian Waters

5. Status of Fish Resources Source: KomnasKajiskan, 2006 DEMERSAL DEMERSAL UDANG PELAGIS KECIL UDANG PELAGIS KECIL PELAGIS BESAR DEMERSAL PELAGIS BESAR PELAGIS KECIL DEMERSAL PELAGIS BESAR UDANG PELAGIS BESAR 1. Selat Malaka 8. Laut Sulawesi dan Samudera Pasifik 2. Laut Cina Selatan 9. Samudera Hindia A (Barat Sumatera) DEMERSAL 7. Teluk Tomini dan Laut Maluku UDANG PELAGIS KECIL PELAGIS BESAR DEMERSAL 5. Laut Banda UDANG 4. Selat Makassar dan Laut Flores 3. Laut Jawa PELAGIS KECIL PELAGIS BESAR 6. Laut Arafura 9. Samudera Hindia B (Selatan Jawa-Nusa Tenggara) DEMERSAL UDANG DEMERSAL DEMERSAL DEMERSAL PELAGIS KECIL UDANG UDANG UDANG PELAGIS BESAR PELAGIS KECIL PELAGIS KECIL PELAGIS KECIL PELAGIS BESAR PELAGIS BESAR PELAGIS BESAR = Uncertain = Fully Exploited = Moderate Exploited = Overfishing

6. Distribution ofFish ResourcesandType of Fishing Gears Coastal Oceanic Littoral PURSE SEINERS AND LONG LINERS TRAWLERS AND PURSE SEINERS Slope Continental shelf Source: FAO, 1999

7. DEVELOPMENT OF TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA

8. SHRIMP TRAWL FISHERIES • Based on commercially approach there are two type of shrimp trawling in Indonesia : • Small scale shrimp trawling fisheries • Industrial/commercial shrimp trawling fisheries

9. The shrimp fishery started commercially in Indonesia since 1969. There are three types of trawl used in the Arafura Sea, namely: • Double rig shrimp trawl: the head rope length is between 15 and 26 m. A try-net, with a head rope length between 2 and 4 m is used. • Single rig stern trawl: head rope length is between 26 and 35 m. • Quad trawl, this type has 4 cod-ends. The head rope length is between 20 and 25 m. Source : Ditjen P2SDKP, 2006

10. Distribution of fishing ground in Arafura Sea

11. Distribution Map of Trawl Net in Indonesia DJPT-DKP (2005)

12. BYCATCH AND DISCARDS IN SHRIMP TRAWL FISHING

13. These shrimp trawls used for capturing shrimp as target species and demersal fish as the by-catch. The by-catch includes young fish and trash fish, which are comprised of small individual fish and that almost of fish are discarded at sea. Since the trawl banning in some part of Indonesia waters in 1980 (presidential decree No.39/1980), only by-catch excluder device (BED) equipped shrimp trawl is allowed to be operated in Arafura Sea and its adjacent waters.

14. By-catch ratio to shrimps by sub areas caught by shrimp trawler in the Arafura waters

15. FISHING GROUND FOR SHRIMP TRAWL IN ARAFURA SEA II Papua III IV VI Arafura Sea V

16. Catch composition of shrimp trawl net in Arafura sea, 1991-2003 References: 1) Badrudin & Karyana (1993) 2) Sumiono et al. (1998) 3) Budihardjo & Budiman (2003)

17. Bycatch Reduction Efforts in TrawlFisheries using BRDs

18. For reducing bycatch:Choosing a BRD or TED ? TED or Turtle Excluder Device is any modification to a shrimp trawl designed to reduce the capture of turtle, and large animal including sharks, stingrays, jellyfish and some large fish. BRDs is any modification designed principally to exclude fish bycatch from a shrimp trawl, and also exclude other animals and non-living material (debris). Eayrs (2005)

19. Technical specification of BRDs used in sea trials at Arafura sea TED super shooter (US type) Source: Purbayanto et al. (2007)

20. Square mesh window Source: Purbayanto et al. (2007)

21. Fish eye Source: Purbayanto et al. (2007)

22. RESEARCH ON BYCATCH REDUCTION DEVICES (BRDs) IN SHRIMP TRAWL FISHING

23. Research on selective devices for industrial shrimp fishing had been carried out by Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF) and other institution ; Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and Directorate General of Capture Fisheries. • Some types ofselective devices had been researched through fishing experiment method, namely ; • BED (By-catch Excluder Device) or rigid hooped TED (Turtle Excluder Device) • SS-TED (Super Shooter-Turtle Excluder Device) and • JTED for juvenile excluder device rigid hooped TED single-grid hard TED

24. The research was aimed to determine design & construction of by-catch excluder devices that would be easy to use, would not affect the catch (especially for shrimp) and would be easily accepted by fishermen. The research was began with a collaborative fishing trial by introducing BED (the first type TED) to shrimp fishing companies in Arafura Sea in 1982. Source, Dept. PSP, FPIK-IPB

25. Some fishing experiment of selective devices on shrimp trawling fisheries

26. RESULTS OF FISHING EXPERIMENT Fishing exp in Arafura waters used pair towing of two nets and in Cilacap waters used single towing net. These results could not prove the potential benefit of BED to be promoted to industrial shrimp fishing in the Arafura Sea. In addition the BED was heavy, large and difficult to handle.

27. Fishing exp in Arafura, Aru and Dolak waters used pair towing of two nets and in Northern Java waters used single towing net These results still could not prove the potential benefit of the SS-TED, because high loss of shrimp catch occurred. However the construction of SS-TED simpler than BED and easy to handle

28. 12 mm 125 cm 10 mm 110 cm 4,6,8,10,12 cm Spesification frame of SS-TED in Java Sea fishing experiment

29. Cover net Exit hole codend funnel Frame Data collecting method top cover over the window (Wileman et al., 1996)

30. Mahiswara (2004) reported that: TED super shooter decreased bycatch/towing/ hour by 5% (12 cm grid space) and by 60% (4 cm grid space). • TED performance (815 shots, 3 years period) • turtle reduction 99% • stingray reduction 96% • large shark reduction 80% • sponge reduction 80% • shrimp loss 2 – 38% • Source: Eayrs (2006) Ari Purbayanto, Prof.Dr.

31. Juvenile fish 67 % 33 % Retained Escaped Experiment result on the use of JTED on mini trawl at Northern Java waters JTED (bar 1.75 mm)save fish of 33 % (Widodo & Mahiswara, 2007)

32. Conclusion The ratio of by catch and shrimp as target species are fluctuated depend on fishing areas. The catch of bigger size of fish tend to decrease in the recent year. Result from experimental fishing indicated that technically BRD and SS-TED were effective enough in reducing by-catch. The use of by-catch excluder devices is compulsory on board for shrimp trawlers in Arafura Sea. In general, the fishing operators have still not perceived the benefit from using the devices because some loss of shrimp. Research for improving by-catch excluder devices should be carried out, include to study of soft BRD (square mesh and fish eye) and JTED.

33. Thank You