Psychology of Personality and Human Dynamic

1. Psychology of Personality and Human Dynamic

2. SELF

3. According to Bradberry (2007), human psychological process that make up a person personality and identity contribute to these differences. • In developing our personality, all of us will develop our own element of ‘self’, i-e self-concept and self-esteem, which will actually contributes to the development of our personality. • Knowledge of own skills and abilities, interest and own physical attributes may contribute to the understanding of individual self.

4. What is Self? • Self reflects a person own being of identify, as object separated from other people or from the environment. • Self is the collections of beliefs that we hold about ourselves.

5. Self have 2 distinct meaning: • Self as an object (self-concept/self-image) • Self as a process (self-esteem).

6. Self-Concept “your idea(s) about yourself” • Individual’s belief about himself or herself including the person’s attributes and who and what the self is. • Individual’s assessment based on physical features (e.g. Face is too round or too thin; your hair is too curly or too short) or personality characteristics (e.g. you see yourself as friendly or active). • It is often a comparison with people around you. e.g. Keith sees himself as handsome and liberal in his political views.

7. Self-Esteem“how you evaluate yourself” • Individual’s overall evaluation of himself or herself. • General evaluation of self-concept along a good-bad or like-dislike dimension. • Sum of the positive and negative reactions to all the aspects of self-concept. e.g. Whitney is down on herself because of her inability to find a more satisfying job.

8. Identity“who you are” • A definition placed on the self. • Objective, physical, social, personal characteristics and attributes that help distinguish a person from others. • May contain material that is not part of the self-concept, because identity is not fully contained inside the person’s own mind. e.g. Carly’s involvement in Students for World Peace is an important aspect of how she sees herself.

9. Origin and Onset of the Self-Concept • 6 months: • Initial signs of a sense of self • Children will reach out and try to touch their image in the mirror as if it were another child. • 15-17 months: • Self-recognition • Upon seeing the roughed nose each of the children would touch his or her own nose rather than its reflected image in the mirror. • 18-24 months: • Most children have some sense of what their face look like and are curious about variations of it.

10. Origin and Onset of the Self-Concept • 6-12 years old: • Begin to refine their sense of self by comparing their personal characteristics and abilities to those of other children. • 8-10 years old: • self concept is quite stable and becomes a measure by which the sense of self can be compared to others. • 12-13 years old: • Sense of self-consciousness increasing.

11. Origin and Onset of the Self-Concept • A child’s initial recognition of his or her facial appearance is the basis of a blossoming sense of self-concept. • Later, children are able to identify themselves and others respect to gender and age but not necessary numerical age. • During adolescent, the self-concept begins to go beyond just the considerations of physical characteristics to include more abstract inner qualities and characteristics (e.g. traits, moral values, personal beliefs and ideologies.)

12. Views of the Self through History

14. Dimensions of the Self-Concept: The Internal and External Sense of Self • William James: • Spiritual self : an inner or personal sense of self – the thoughts and feelings that help define you sense of self. • Social self : an external or public sense of self obtained through the recognition of others.

15. Dimensions of the Self-Concept: The Internal and External Sense of Self

16. Self-Consciousness: Private and Public Perspectives on the Self

17. Measuring Public and Private Self-Consciousness: • The Self-Consciousness Scale • A personality test that asses individual differences in private and public self-consciousness • Items from the SCS:”I reflect on myself a lot (private SC),” “I’m self-conscious about the way I look” (public SC).

18. Objectives Self-Awareness • A situational induced sense of self-consciousness • Simplest and most interesting way to increase a person’s sense of private self-consciousness is to place him or her in front of a mirror. • To create a state of objective self-awareness, a condition in which people are made more aware of their internal feelings and beliefs.

19. The Control-Theory Model of the Self • A model of behavior using feedback loop based on a preexisting standard to regulate the actions of self-conscious and objectively self-aware individual Self-Focused Attention on Current Behavior. Preexisting Standards Becomes Salient. Does Current (Yes) Behavior meet Preexisting Standard? Behavior is Continued. (No) Behavior is Modified.

20. The Nature and Applications of Self-Monitoring

21. The Nature and Applications of Self-Monitoring

23. Dimensions of the Self-Concept: Personal, Social and Collective Identity Orientations • Personal Identity Orientation (PIO) • A sense of identity based on internal or private standards • Diana’s sense of self is based on a desire to be the best accountant she can be. • Social Identity Orientation (SIO) • A sense of identity based on external or public standards • Pat’s sense of self is based on a desire to have people show approval of her ideas. • Collective Identity Orientation (CIO) • A sense of identity based on belongings to a larger social group • Greg’s sense of self is based on his commitment to his community’s environmental preservation society.

24. Dimensions of the Self-Concept: Personal, Social and Collective Identity Orientations • Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ) • A personality test that assess individual differences in personal, social, and collective identity orientations. • Items from the AIQ:”My emotions and feelings are important to who I am (PIO)”; “My attractiveness to others is important to who I am (SIO)”; “My religious affiliation is important to who I am (CIO)”. • Occupational Preferences • Individual with a PIO prefer occupations that offer personal satisfaction while those with an SIO prefer occupations that offer social recognition. • Jill wants a job that will allow her creativity to be expressed while Jack wants a job with a fancy company car. • Recreational Preferences • Individual with a PIO prefer recreational activities that offer personal satisfaction, while those with an SIO prefer activities that offer social interaction. • Hans likes to walk because it improves his health while Rose plays volleyball because she gets to be with others and demonstrates her skill.

25. Cultural Dimensions of the Self: Views from Around the World • The concept of the collective self to account for the influence of culture as a determinant of one’s identity. • Collective self: an individual’s membership in certain social groups (eg family ties, ethic identity, religious affiliation, geographic region and cultural heritage).

26. Cultural Influences on the Self:East vs West

27. Cultural Influences on the Self

28. Cultural Influences on the Self

29. SELF-ESTEEM • Judgement on our own worth & the associated feelings.

30. Measuring Self-esteem • Rosernberg Self-esteem Scale (1965) • Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory (1971/1981).

31. Factors that can influences adolescent self-esteem • Pubertal development • Drug use • Academic • Gender differences • Feedback from peers and adults • SES and ethnic group

32. What is body image? • Body Image (BI) • an individual’s experience of his/her body. • Mental picture a person has of his/her body

33. Healthy Body Image & Self-Esteem • HBI – when a person’s mental picture of her body is accurate and her feelings, assessment and relationship towards her body are positive, confident and self-caring • Negative body image (clinical related problem) • Anorexia Nervosa • Bulimia Nervosa