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Introduction to Animal Kingdom: Characteristics, Functions, and Body Plans

This introduction covers the characteristics, functions, and body plans of animals, including symmetry types, cephalization, and developmental stages. It explores the major phyla in the Animal Kingdom with keywords such as Symmetry, Cephalization, Development, Phyla, and Animal Functions.

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Introduction to Animal Kingdom: Characteristics, Functions, and Body Plans

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  1. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

  2. Characteristics of Animals: • Heterotrophic • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Lack cell walls • 95% = invertebrates (no backbone) 5% = vertebrates (have a backbone)

  3. Feeding: • Herbivore = eats plants • Carnivore = eats animals • Omnivore = eats plants and animals • Detritivore = feed on decaying organic material • Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from water • Parasite = lives in or on another organism (symbiotic relationship) 7 Common Animal Functions

  4. Take in O2 and give off CO2 Lungs, gills, through skin, simple diffusion 2. Respiration:

  5. Very small animals rely on diffusionLarger animals have circulatory system 3. Circulation:

  6. 4. Excretion: • Removal of Wastes - Primary waste product is ammonia (could be urea, uric acid, or amino acid. • Diffusion - Sponges, Cnideria, and Echinoderms. • Flame cells - Flat worms • Canals and Tubes - Round worms • Nephridia - Annelids • Malphigian Tubules - Arthropods • Green glands – Prawns • Kidneys - Vertebrates 

  7. Nephridia – Segmented Worms Flame Cells - Flatworms Excretory Organs Canals and Tubes – Round Worms Kidneys - Vertebrates Malphigian Tubules – Arthropods/Insects

  8. 5. Response:Animals respond to their environment using: Receptor cells = sound, light, external stimuliNerve cells => nervous system • 6. Movement: * Most but not all animals move

  9. 7.  Reproduce:  Most reproduce sexually = genetic diversity Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually to increase their numbers rapidly

  10. Symmetrical – sides or sections look the same (mirror images) Asymmetry - no pattern (corals, sponges) Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish) Bilateral Symmetry -  has a right and left side that Can be cut equally in 1/2 (humans, insects, cats, etc.) Animal Body Plans:

  11. BILATERAL Identify the Symmetry ASYMETRICAL BILATERAL RADIAL RADIAL

  12. Cephalization - an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head) *The more complex the animals becomes the more pronounced their cephalization Octopus – member of the class Cephalopoda (head-foot)

  13. anterior - toward the head posterior - toward the tail dorsal - back side ventral - belly side Body Sides

  14. - "advanced" animals have body segments, and specialization of tissue (even humans are segmented, look at the ribs and spine) Segmentation

  15. Animal DevelopmentAnimals begin as a zygote (fertilized egg)

  16. The cells in the zygote divide to form the BLASTULA - a hollow ball of cells

  17. The blastula pinches inward to form three cell layers called GERM LAYERS

  18. This pinched in area becomes a mouth in some animals (Protostomes) and an anus in other animals (Deuterostomes). Mollusks, Annelids, Arthropods Echinoderms and Chordates

  19. Phylum Porifera – sponges (simple animals with no symmetry) Phylum Cnidaria – sea anemones, jellyfish, hydra (animals with stinging cells and radial symmentry) Major Animal Kingdom Phyla

  20. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms Free-living Planarian Parasitic Tapeworm

  21. Phylum Nematoda – roundworms Phylum Annelida – segmented worms

  22. Phylum Mollusca – clams, squid, snails (animals with a shell – the squid’s “shell” or pen is internal.

  23. Phylum Arthropoda – crustaceans, insects, spiders This is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom and contains the most number of species

  24. Phylum Echinodermata - starfish

  25. Phylum Chordata – includes all vertebrates (animals with a stiff vertebral column with a nerve cord above)

  26. Shape of Life Videos • Origins (Sponges) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/sponges-origins or http://vimeo.com/37032195 • Life on the Move (Cnideria) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/cnidarians-life-move or http://vimeo.com/37267733 • The First Hunter (Platyhelminthes) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/flatworms-first-hunter or http://vimeo.com/37282961 • Marine Arthropods: A Successful Design http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/marine-arthropods-successful-design or http://vimeo.com/37289745 • The Conquerors (Arthropods) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/terrestrial-arthropods-conquerors or http://vimeo.com/37321126 • Survival Game (Molluscs) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/molluscs-survival-game or http://vimeo.com/37325960 • Ultimate Animal (Echinoderms) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/echinoderms-ultimate-animal or http://vimeo.com/37295088 • Explosion of Life (Annelids) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/annelids-powerful-and-capable-worms or http://vimeo.com/37255842 • Bones, Brawn, and Brains (Chordates) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/chordates-we%E2%80%99re-all-family or http://vimeo.com/42588192

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