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The French Revolution of 1789

The French Revolution of 1789. Origins. Absolutism The Enlightenment philosophes -Montesquieu -Voltaire -Rousseau Deism and Anti-Catholicism. Underlying Causes of the Revolution (1789). The French monarchy in debt Bad harvests and starvation Enlightenment philosophies

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The French Revolution of 1789

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  1. The French Revolution of 1789

  2. Origins Absolutism The Enlightenment philosophes -Montesquieu -Voltaire -Rousseau Deism and Anti-Catholicism

  3. Underlying Causes of the Revolution (1789) • The French monarchy in debt • Bad harvests and starvation • Enlightenment philosophies and increasing literacy • Nobles resent political weakness (Divine Right, absolute monarchy) • Commoners resent feudal privileges

  4. The Estates-General Meets (May, 1789) • First Estate (Clergy of 130,000, 10% landholding) • Second Estate (Nobles number about 350,000, 30% of the land) • Sword and robe nobility • First two estates have tax exemptions and privileges (taille) • Third Estate (Bourgeoisie, artisans, peasants, commoners)

  5. Estates-General Provisions and Internal Conflicts • Third estate representation is doubled • Voting by head or order? • Third estate wants vote by head, First estate by order • Cahiers De Doleances(Abbe Sieyes) and peasant grievances • Third estate moves to create • national assembly, draw up constitution (Tennis Court Oath, June 20)

  6. The King’s Response and the Start of the Revolution • Louis XVI prepares to use force against the Third Estate • Storming of the Bastille (July 14) • Violence in the countryside (The Great Fear)

  7. The National Assembly (1789-1791) • The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (August 1789) • Feudalism abolished (August 1789) • Department structure created • King resists, March of Women on Versailles (October, 1789) • The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July 1790) • Limited Monarchy, voting and office holding based on wealth (active and passive citizens) • Denial of women’s equality and participation

  8. Events of 1791-1792 • The King’s flight to Austria and capture at Varennes (June 1791) • French declaration of war on Austria (April 1792) • Austrian invasion of France, the search for internal enemies, and radicalization of Paris • King and Assembly arrested by Sans-Culottes (August 1792) • September Massacres

  9. The National Convention and Radical Revolution (1792-1794) • Unicameral National Convention elected, monarchy abolished (September 1792) • Rousseau inspired republic (the General Will) • Robbespierre, the Committee of Public Safety, and the Reign of Terror • Purge of the Girondins and the Hebertistfactions • Suppression of Federalism

  10. Jacobin Rule • Louis XVI (January 1793) and Marie Antoinette (October 1793) guillotined • Sans-culottes and the Paris Commune • French Republic officially created (September 1792) • Levee en masse • Revolutionary Calendar and festivals • De-Christianization • Maximum laws and press censorship • State sponsored education • Universal manhood suffrage (national elections)

  11. The Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1799) • Robespierre guillotined, Jacobins overthrown • The Directory and the Constitution of the Year III (moderate revolutionaries) • Churches reappear, price controls end, propertied assembly elected • Left and right uprisings against the government require reliance upon the Army (Napoleon Bonaparte)

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