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The French Revolution 1789-1815

The French Revolution 1789-1815. Causes of the French Revolution. Unfair Class System perpetuated by Monarchy – peasants taxed most & least able to pay Excessive spending Expensive wars: Amer. Revolution quadrupled French debt Bad harvests – caused food shortages.

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The French Revolution 1789-1815

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  1. The French Revolution 1789-1815

  2. Causes of the French Revolution • Unfair Class System perpetuated by Monarchy – peasants taxed most & least able to pay • Excessive spending • Expensive wars: Amer. Revolution quadrupled French debt • Bad harvests – caused food shortages

  3. Four Phases of French Revolution • Moderate Phase: 1789-1791 • Radical Phase: 1792-1794 • The Directory: 1795-1799 • The Age of Napoleon: 1799-1815

  4. The Moderate Phase • Spring – 1789: National Assembly formed • The Tennis Court Oath: May 1789 • New constitution written, along with Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • The slogan of Revolution became: Liberty,Equality, and Fraternity

  5. Tennis Court Oath: May, 1789

  6. Storming of the Bastille • King Louis XVI threatened to dissolve Assembly • On July 14th, 1789, the people storm the Bastille

  7. The March on Versailles • On Oct. 5, 1789, a mob of angry women march on Versailles demanding bread • Marie Antoinette responds by telling them, “Let them eat cake.”

  8. The Radical Phase-1792-1794 • Radicals take control of National Assembly and set up National Convention • National Convention abolished monarchy and declared France a Republic • 4000 streets in Paris renamed after revolutionary names

  9. Execution of King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

  10. The French Republic • The New Legislative body, The Convention, was divided between the Jacobins (radicals) and Girondists (moderates) • By 1793 danger threatened France from all sides • The country was @ war w/ much of Europe, including Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, & Prussia

  11. Reign of Terror • Committee of Public Safety set up in 1793 to restore order • Robespierre leads Reign of Terror: 40k people executed from July, 1793-94 • Finally, Robespierre arrested & shot while resisting arrest

  12. Jacques Louis David – 1793 • Death of Revolutionary Leader Jean Paul Marat

  13. Phase ThreeThe Directory 1795-1799 • The Constitution of 1795 written • Set up a 5 man Directory, a two house legislature, elected by male property owners • Weak, ineffective body whose leaders lined their own pockets

  14. Council of the Ancients The senior of the two halves of the repub. Leg. system The Ancients were 250 members who could accept/reject laws put forward by the 500. Each member had to be 40 yrs. & 1/3 would be replaced annually. Les Anciens

  15. Napoleon Bonaparte

  16. Who was this man?

  17. The Age of Napoleon1799-1815 • 1793-Napoleon Bonaparte wins several victories on the battlefield against the British and Austrians • By 1799 he went from victorious general to political leader

  18. Napoleon and Politics • 1799- Napoleon helped overthrow the Directory • Set up a 3 man Consulate – named himself First Consul-then Consul for life • 1804 – Napoleon took title Emperor of France

  19. Emperor

  20. Military

  21. Napoleon and Foreign Policy • Military victories across Europe create French empire in Europe; Europeans saw Napoleon’s armies as foreign oppressors • Guerilla warfare - against French armies in Spain

  22. France versus Britain • Britain alone outside Napoleon’s European Empire • 1805 – Napoleon prepared to invade, but at Battle of Trafalgar the French fleet was smashed by British • Both countries waged economic warfare thoughout the decade; which prompted the War of 1812 with the U.S. & Britain

  23. Downfall of Napoleon • 1812 – Napoleon invades Russia w/ 600k soldiers • Russians retreated east and carried on scorched earth policy • Russian winter sends Grand Army home with 100k men

  24. Russia

  25. Napoleon’s Abdication • 1813-Napoleon defeated in the Battle of the Nations against the alliance of Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia • 1814-Napoleon abdicates (gives up power) and Louis XVIII takes over

  26. Waterloo

  27. Napoleon’s Return • Napoleon exiled on island of Elba in 1815 • Economic depression and Napoleon’s enemies looking for a generous peace treaty prompted Napoleon to escape • June 18th, 1815 Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium • Napoleon was forced to abdicate and exiled again on St. Helena in the So. Atlantic

  28. Death

  29. The Legacy of Napoleon • Economic, social, and religious reforms 1.) strengthened central gov’t; 2.) promoted public schools 3.) allowed peasants to keep land won in revolution 4.) Regulated economy to control prices, encouraged industry, built roads and canals

  30. The Legacy of Napoleon Cont’d 5.) Established Napoleonic Code: equality before the law, religious toleration, advancement based on merit – civil service jobs 6.) Introduced metric system 7.) Abolished titles of nobility, ended church privileges

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