THE COLD WAR

1. THE COLD WAR • INTRODUCTION: • THE TERM COLD WAR CAME TO BE USED TO DESCRIBE THE RIVALRY BETWEEN TWO FORMIDABLE POWERS AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR GROUPS,THE COMMUNIST STATES AND THE REPUBLICAN STATES. • THE COMMUNIST STATES WERE LED BY THE RUSSIANS, WHILE AMERICA LED THE REPUBLICAN STATES. • DURING THE II W.W. THE ALLIED POWERS viz AMERICA ENGLAND AND RUSSIA HAD FOUGHT AGAINST THE AXIS POWERS viz., GERMANY„ ITALY AND JAPAN. THEN AMONG THE ALLIED POWERS, BOTH THE COMMUNISTS AND THE REPUBLICANS HAD BEEN UNITED. • BUT EVEN BEFORE THE END OF THE WAR ONCE AGAIN THE OLD HATRED AND THE SUSPICIONS REARED UP ITS HEAD BETWEEN THE COMMUNIST AND THE REPUBLICANS WHICH RESULTED IN THE MISS-UNDERSTANDINGS. • THE ALLIED POWERS ILL TREATED GERMANY AND JAPAN AFTER THE WAR AND IT LED TO MUTUAL DISTRUST. • THESE TWO GROUPS WERE NEITHER IN HOT WAR NOR AT PEACE WITH EACH OTHER. • AN ATMOSPHERE OF TERROR WAS CREATED ALLOVER, THIS STATUS IS WHAT IS GENERALLY DESCRIBED AS THE COLD WAR.

2. THE TERM COLD WAR WAS FIRST USED BY AN AMERICAN POLITICAL DIPLOMAT BERNARD -BARUCH. • THEN LIPPMAN USED IT TO DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RUSSIA, AND OTHER EUROPEAN STATES. • THE LUKEWARM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO RIVAL GROUPS WAR REFERRED TO BY CHURCHILL IN HIS SPEECH AT FULTON IN 1946. • HE HAD ALSO FORETOLD THAT AFTER THE WORLD WAR IT WOULD BE INCREDIBLE TO FIGHT AGAINST THE RUSSIAN BARBARISM TOO. • THIS MANIFESTED ITSELF IN RUSSIAN'S AFFAIRS WITH GERMANY AND JAPAN.

3. STAGES OF THE COLD WAR • THE COLD WAR MAY BE TRACED UNDER VARIOUS STAGES: • 1. FIRST STAGE 1946-49 • 2. SECOND STAGE 1949-53 • 3. THIRD STAGE 1953-57 • 4. FOURTH STAGE 1957-62 • 5. FIFTH STAGE 1962 AND ONWARDS

4. FIRST STAGE 1946-49:- • AT THIS STAGE AMERICA POSSESSED ATOM BOMBS AND OTHER DEADLY MISSILES. • DURING THIS PERIOD THE COMMUNIST STATES WERE NOT SO STRONG ENOUGH WITH THE MODERN MISSILES. • THUS AMERICA WAS SURE OF TUMBLING THEM TO THE GROUND LIKE A PACK OF CARDS. • BUT THE OTHER ALLIED POWERS THAT HAD BEEN DEVASTATED BY WAR WERE NOT READY FOR ANOTHER WAR. • IN ORDER TO FACE THE COMMUNIST MENACE, AMERICA, IN MARCH ADOPTED THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN IN JUNE.

5. THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE: • THE MAN WHO ADOPTED THIS DOCTRINE WAS THE THEN AMERICAN PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN. THAT IS WHY IT IS KNOWN AS THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE. • ACCORDING TO THIS DOCTRINE AMERICA WOULD SUPPORT THE CAUSE OF THE FREE PEOPLE AND FREE COUNTRIES AGAINST UNWARRANTED AGGRESSIONS FROM OTHER NATIONS. • IT WOULD HELP THEM TO KEEP UP THEIR NATIONAL UNIT. • IN GREECE ON ACCOUNT OF COMMUNIST AGGRESSIONS, LAWLESSNESS PREVAILED. • RUSSIA DEMANDED FROM TURKEY THAT SHE SHOULD HAVE CONTROL OVER DARDANELLES STRAITS AND SOME OF THE EASTERN COUNTRIES. • GREECE AND TURKEY SOUGHT AMERICA'S HELP AND AMERICA GAVE THEM ALL HELP. • AMERICA AND ENGLAND JOINTLY ADOPTED THIS DOCTRINE AND THUS SET BACK THE COMMUNIST RUSSIA FROM EXTENDING HER INFLUENCE,

6. MARSHAL PLAN: • THE ARCHITECT OF THIS PLAN WAS MARSHAL, THE STATE SECRETARY OF AMERICA. • AMERICA BROUGHT OUT THIS SCHEME IN ORDER TO HELP THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WHO HAD SUFFERED MUCH ON ACCOUNT OF WARS. • RUSSIA MADE USE OF IT AND DID HER BEST AT PROMOTING THE UNITY AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF THE EAST EUROPEAN NATIONS. • ALMOST EVERY EUROPEAN NATION WAS BENEFITED BY THIS PLAN. • BUT THIS FOREIGN AID WAS ALSO A STRONG REASON FOR THE COLD WAR.

7. BERLIN BLOCKADE: • AFTER THE II WW, THE DEFEATED GERMANY WAS DIVIDED INTO 4 PARTS. • THEY WERE KEPT UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE VICTORS VIZ, AMERICA, RUSSIA, ENGLAND, FRANCE. • BERLIN CAME UNDER RUSSIAN DOMINATION. IT WAS AGAIN DIVIDED INTO 4PARTS, AND THEY WERE PUT.UNDER THE CARE OF THESE POWERS. . • RUSSIA TRIED TO CONVERT HER SHARE OF.GERMANY INTO A COMMUNIST STATE. • AMERICA AND ENGLAND FEARED THAT THE WHOLE OF EAST GERMANY INCLUDING BERLIN MIGHT BE CONVERTED INTO COMMUNIST. • HENCE THEY DEMANDED FOR THE GENERAL ELECTIONS. • THEN RUSSIA. BLOCKADED BERLIN AND CUT OFF ALL LAND AND SEA CONTACTS BETWEEN WEST GERMANY AND BERLIN. THE BLOCKADE WAS WITHDRAWN AFTER ELEVEN MONTHS. • AT THIS STAGE AMERICA DID HER BEST TO CANVASS ANTI-PROPAGANDA AGAINST COMMUNISM ALL OVER THE WORLD. • IN THE WAR FOUGHT BETWEEN THE NATIONALISTS AND THE COMMUNISTS IN CHINA, AMERICA LENT HER SUPPORT TO THE FORMER. BUT SHE COULD NOT RELEASE THE COMMUNIST HOLD ON CHINA. THIS WAS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY CHINA TILL RECENTLY WAS DENIED MEMBERSHIP TO THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION. • WITH THE BIRTH OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (N.A.T.0.) IN 1949, THE COLD WAR CAME TO A DIFFERENT HEIGHT. THIS WAS A MILITARY PACT ARRIVED AT BY 15 STATES UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF AMERICA TO FIGHT AGAINST COMMUNIST POLICIES.

8. SECOND STAGE - 1949-53; • EVEN AT THIS STAGE AMERICA CONTINUED TO LEND ITS ECONOMIC HELP TO THE EUROPEAN ALLIED POWERS. • SHE ENTERED INTO AUNZUS DEFENSE TREATY WITH AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND, AND PEACE PACT WITH JAPAN (1951). • AMONG THE WARS BETWEEN THE COMMUNIST AND NON COMMUNIST STATES, THE KOREAN WAR IS MOST IMPORTANT. • SOUTH KOREA WAS A REPUBLIC AND IT ATTACKED NORTH KOREA IN 1950. AMERICA WAS ABOUT TO TAKE SIDES WITH THE SOUTH AND RUSSIA WITH THE NORTH. • THE WAR WAS ABOUT TO TAKE AN UGLY TURN. THE UN INTERVENED AND THE WAR CAME TO A STAND STILL. • BUT AMERICA WENT ON MAKING PROPAGANDA AGAINST COMMUNISTIC ACTIVITIES AND SPENT MONEY IN MILLIONS FOR THIS PURPOSE. • THEN AMERICA WAS THE ONLY NUCLEAR POWER IN THE WORLD. BUT IN 1949, 'RUSSIA EXPLODED AN ATOM BOMB AND THUS BROGHT DOWN THE NUCLEAR STRENGTH OF AMERIEA. • IN THE MEANWHILE RUSSIA DID NOT RECALL HER SOLDIERS FROM IRAN AND SUPPORTED THE GUERILLAS. THEN AMERICA CAME FORWARD IN 1950 TO HELP IRAN AS A RESULT THE SPARKS OF COLD WAR ONCE AGAIN WERE REKINDLED.

9. THIRD STAGE : 1953-57: • AT THIS STAGE AMERICA DID NOT MAKE ANY CHANGE IN HER POLICY. • SHE ORGANIZED MILITARY PACTS LIKE SOUTH EAST ASIA TREATY ORGANIZATION (SEATO) AND THE MIDDLE EAST DEFENCE ORGANIZATION (MED0). • NATO WAS A NEW LINK IN THE DEFENCE SYSTEM. AMERICA ENTERED INTO DEFENCE PACTS WITH 43 STATES AND SET UP MILITARY STATIONS AROUND RUSSIA. • SHE ALSO INTERFERED IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF VIETNAM. • THE REPUBLICAN AND THE COMMUNISTS QUARRELED OVER THE PROBLEM OF EXPELLING THE FRENCH FROM VIETNAM AND RUNNING THEIR OWN GOVT. • EXPLOITING THE SITUATION, AMERICA., RUSSIA AND CHINA RESPECTIVELY TOOK UP THE CAUSE OF THEIR PARTY. • WITH THEIR ENTRY, THE COLD WAR ASSUMED MONSTROUS PROPORTIONS AND IT DREW THE ATTENTION OF THE WHOLE WORLD. • THE ISSUE HAD NOT YET BEEN FULLY SETTLED. BUT WITH THE U.N.O'S INTERFERENCE THE PROBLEM HAS COOLED DOWN TEMPORARILY. • IN 1954 VIETNAM WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS- THE SOUTH AND NORTH. THE SOUTH IS BEING HELPED BY AMERICAN AND THE NORTH BY RUSSIA. • AMERICA IS ALSO SUPPORTING 'LAOS AND CAMBODIA AGAINST COMMUNISTS.

10. THE WARSAW PACT: • WE KNOW HOW NATO CAME INTO BEING UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF AMERICA. • AGAINST THIS RUSSIA ENTERED INTO A PACT WITH OTHER EAST EUROPEAN COMMUNIST COUNTRIES AT WARSAW IN 1955. • WESTERN EUROPEAN STATES WERE THE MEMBERS OF NATO. • WHERE AS THE WARSAW PACT MEMBERS WERE BULGARIA, HUNGARY, EAST GERMANY CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND RUMANIA. • RUSSIA INCREASED HER INFLUENCE BY THIS PACT. • BY THIS TIME BOTH RUSSIA AND AMERICA HAD BECOME HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL IN EXPLODING HYDROGEN BOMBS. • AT THIS STAGE THERE SEEMED A SORT OF IMPROVEMENT IN THEIR UNDERSTANDINGS ALSO. • THIS PERHAPS AUGURS A CORDIAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP.

11. FOURTH STAGE 1957-62: • DURING THIS PERIOD, THE PRINCIPLE OF PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE WAS GIVEN PROMINENCE. BUT AT THE SAME TIME, UNPLEASANT EVENTS ALSO TOOK PLACE. • BOTH AMERICA AND RUSSIA WANTED TO FOLLOW THE PRINCIPLE OF PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE. • THEY EXCHANGED ENVOYS AND HAD SEVERAL POLITICAL MEETINGS. THE LEADERS OF BOTH THE STATES EXCHANGED CORDIAL AND FRIENDLY VISITS. • THIS WAS A GOOD SIGN OF PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE. • BUT EACH WAS SECRETLY SPYING THE OTHER COUNTRY. IN 1960 THE SECRET ESPIONAGE ORGANIZATION OF BOTH THE COUNTRIES WAS EXPOSED AND THE COLD WAR BETWEEN THE TWO ALMOST TURNED OUT TO BE A HOT WAR OR AN OPEN WAR. • IN THE SAME YEAR RUSSIA SHOT AT AND DESTROYED THE U-2 SPY PLANE OF AMERICA. AS A RESULT ALL THE POSSIBILITIES OF ESTABLISHING PEACE FELL TO THE GROUND. • THIS STATE OF AFFAIR LEAD TO MUTUAL SUSPECT AND FEAR OF WAR. THIS CULMINATED IN 1962 WITH THE "CUBAN MISSILE CRISES". • RUSSIA HAD SECRET MILITARY STATIONS IN CUBA. • THE THEN PRESIDENT KENNEDY (U.S.A) BLOCKADED CUBA AND THEREBY PREVENTED THE WARSHIPS FROM ENTERING CUBA. HE ORDERED RUSSIA TO WITHDRAW HER ARMORS FROM CUBA. • THINGS TOOK AN UNEXPECTED UGLY TURN AND THE WAR BETWEEN THE TWO SUPER POWERS SEEMED INEVITABLE. • THERE WAS FEAR OF WAR IN THE AIR, WITH THE INTERVENTION OF U.N.O. RUSSIAN PRIME MINISTER KHRUSHCHEV AGREED TO RECALL THE RUSSIAN MILITARY ON THE PROMISE FROM AMERICA THAT SHE WOULD NOT ATTACK CUBA. • THUS WHAT WOULD HAVE BEEN THE THIRD WORLD WAR WAS AVERTED AND THE CRISIS CAUSED BY THE COLD WAR WAS OVERCOME.

12. FIFTH STAGE (SINCE1962): • THE TWO BLOCKS MADE MIGHTY PREPARATIONS FOR NUCLEAR WARS; AND THE FEAR OF COLD WAR TOO INCREASED. • BUT IN 1963 AMERICA, RUSSIA AND ENGLAND ENTERED INTO "NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY" BY WHICH THEY AGREED NOT TO TEST NUCLEAR WEAPONS EITHER IN THE AIR OR AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA. • WITH THIS AGREEMENT THE FEAR OF THE COLD WAR ALSO BEAN TO DECREASE. • IN THE ARAB —ISRAEL WAR, RUSSIA AND AMERICA SUPPORTED ARAB AND ISRAEL RESPECTIVELY BUT THEY THEMSELVES DID NOT DIRECTLY PLUNGE INTO WAR. THIS WAS HAPPY OMEN. • THE COLD WAR OF VIETNAM WAS ABOUT TO GROW INTO GENERAL HOT WAR. • IN 1960 AMERICA SUPPORTED SOUTH VIETNAM AGAINST THE VIETNAMESE AND VIETCONG. CHINA HELPED THE LATTER. • IN 1973 AMERICA RECALLED HER ARMY AND IN 1975 AFTER THIRTY YEARS, THE VIETNAM WAR CAME TO AN END.

13. CERTAIN MODIFICATIONS IN THE COLD WAR: • FROM 1966 AND ONWARDS THE BITTER HATRED BETWEEN THE TWO POWERS SEEMED TO HAVE LESSENED. • THERE DEVELOPED AIR CONTACTS BETWEEN AMERICA AND RUSSIA. • IN 1967 PRESIDENT JOHNSON OF AMERICA PAID A GOODWILL VISIT TO RUSSIA AND KOSYGIN OF RUSSIA ALSO GAVE A FRIENDLY VISIT TO AMERICA. • IN 1972 PRESIDENT NIXON VISITED SHOWN IN THAT YEAR THE GOOD SIGNS OF THE RIPENING FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES AND THE COLD WAR ALMOST SEEMS TO HAVE COME TO AN END.

14. EFFECTS OF THE COLD WAR: • THE COLD WAR DID NOT CONFINE ITSELF ONLY TO AMERICA AND RUSSIA. IT INVOLVED MANY ALLIED POWERS TOO. SO THE WORLD PEACE WAS IN JEOPARDY. THERE WAS KEEN RIVALRY IN COLLECTING ARMAMENTS OF WAR AMONG GREAT POWERS. SEVERAL MILITARY PACTS WERE MADE. • AMONG THEM THE CHIEFONES ARE: • 1. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO): THE UN° CAME INTO BEING SOON AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR. ITS OBJECT WAS TO ESTABLISH PEACE. BUT IT JUST BECAME A DREAM OWING TO THE NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS. • THE KOREAN CRISES BROUGHT HOME THE TRUTH TO EVERY NATION THAT ITS SAFETY COULD NOT DEPEND UPON THE UNO ONLY. CONSEQUENTLY IN EUROPE PROVINCIAL COALITION AND MILITARY ALLIANCES CAME INTO EXISTENCE. • ONE OF THEM WAS THE NORTH ATLANTIC. TREATY ORGANIZATION. THIS WAS A MILITARY PACT FORMED BY 15 EUROPEAN STATES UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF AMERICA AGAINST RUSSIA. • THE MEMBERS ARE AMERICA, BRITAIN, FRANCE, BELGIUM, CANADA, PORTUGAL, AND NETHER LAND, LUXEMBURG, ITALY, NORWAY, DENMARK. AND ICELAND. LATER ON WEST GERMANY, GREECE AND TURKEY BECAME ITS MEMBERS. • A RESOLUTION WAS PASSED THAT IF ANY OF THE MEMBERS WAS ATTACKED BY ANY FOREIGN COUNTY, THEN ALL THE MEMBERS OF NATO SHOULD JOIN HANDS TOGETHER A TIGHT AGAINST IT. A EUROPEAN ARMY WAS SET UP UNDER ITS CONTROL. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER WAS ITS FIRST COMMANDER AND THE HEAD OFFICE WAS IN PARIS.

15. THE NATO IS A POWERFUL THREE TO RECKON IN WESTERN EUROPE EVEN TODAY. • IT HAS PREVENTED THE EXPANSION OF SOVIET RUSSIA IN EUROPE. WAR HAS ALMOST STOPPED IN WESTERN EUROPE EVER SINCE ITS EXISTENCE. • DURING THIS PERIOD IT HAS PLAYED A MOMENTOUS ROLE IN ESTABLISHING PEACE. • SINCE 1949 THE COMMUNIST RUSSIA HAS NOT BEEN ABLE TO OCCUPY ANY PIECE OF LAND ANYWHERE IN 'EUROPE. • THE NATO WITH ITS WELL EQUIPPED ARMY, AIR FORCE AND NAVY, IS READY TO FACE ANY CHALLENGE. • IT IS HELPFUL IN BRINGING HEALTHY RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE EUROPEAN STATES AND THEIR MUTUAL PROTECTION. • IT HAS VERY MUCH REDUCED THE RIVALRY AND MISUNDERSTANDING AMONG THEM AND FORGED THEM TOGETHER. • SOME CRITICS ARE OF THE OPINION THAT IT HAS INTENSIFIED THE HOSTILITY BETWEEN AMERICA AND RUSSIA, AND THEREBY CAUSED THE INTENTIONAL CRISIS.

16. 2. THE SOUTH EAST ATILANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION OR THE MANILA PACT 1954: • AFTER 1949 THE COMMUNIST CHINA BECAME A FORMIDABLE FORCE IN THE EAST AND SOUTH EAST ASIA WAS CONSTANTLY DEMANDING PROTECTION. • THE 'PHILIPPINES SIAM AND SOUTH KOREA OFFERED PROPOSALS FOR IT'S DEFACE. • FRANCE WHICH WAS FIGHTING IN INDONESIA TOLD ENGLAND AND AMERICA THAT IS MAIN OBJECT FOR WAR IN INDONESIA WAS TO SAVE NORTH EAST ASIA FROM THE ONSLAUGHTS OF THE COMMUNISTS. • IN THE KOREAN WAR, THE NORTH KOREA WAS HELPED BY RUSSIA AND CHINA. THE MEMBERS OF THE ANZUS PACT (AMERICA, NEW ZEALAND AND AUSTRALIA) WERE ALSO THREATENED. • AFTER MANY DISCUSSIONS IN VARIOUS PLACES, ENGLAND, AMERICA, FRANCE, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, THAILAND, PHILIPPINE AND PAKISTAN MET AT MANIAL ON SEPT 8, 1954 AND SIGNED A PACT, IN THE INTEREST OF THE SOUTH EAST ASIA. EVEN PAKISTAN TOOK PART IN IT. • THIS PACT IS CALLED THE SOUTH EAST ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION OR THE MANILA PACT. LATEEN CAMBODIA., LAOS AND SOUTH VIETNAM. JOINED THIS MILITARY PACT. • THE CHIEF PURPOSE OF THE SEATO WAS TO FORESTALL THE COMMUNIST AGGRESSION. THIS WAS PUT TO TEST IN THE VIETNAM WAR. • THOUGH THE SEATO HAD MANY MEMBERS, THE BRUNT OF RESPONSIBILITY FELL ON AMERICA. AFTER A PROLONGED WAR, THE NORTH VIETNAM,-SUPPORTED BY RUSSIA WON AGAINST SOUTH VIETNAM, SUPPORTED BY AMERICA. • AMERICA LOST HER PRESTIGE AND CONSEQUENTLY THE SEARO AGREEMENT WAS DISSOLVED.

17. 3. THE BAGHDAD PACT (1955): • THIS WAS MADE IN BAGHDAD. ITS MAIN OBJECT WAS MUTUAL PROTECTION. • THE MEMBERS OF THE PACT WERE IRAQ, TURKEY, PAKISTAN AND ENGLAND. • IN 1.959 IRAQ WITHDREW FROM THE PACT AND THE NAME OF THE PACT WAS CHANGED INTO CENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION (CENTO) • 4. ANZUS COUNCIL: • THIS WAS MADE IN 1951. LIKE OTHERS, THIS IS ALSO A MILITARY PACT. THE MEMBERS WERE AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND AMERICA. • THE MILITARY PACTS WERE HORN OUT OF THE FEAR OF COLD WAR. THE POSSIBILITY OF THE WORLD COMING NEARER MAY NOT MATERIALIZE IN THE IMMEDIATE PRESENT. • UNDER THE PRETEXT OF DISARMAMENT POLICY, THE SUPER POWERS BEGAN TO PRODUCE MORE AND MORE ARMOURS OF WAR. IN FUTURE EVEN A TRIVIAL LOCAL QUARREL MAY AS WELL LEAD TO A NUCLEAR WAR. • THE HUMAN ENERGY IS BEING SPENT IN PRODUCING ARMAMENTS OF WAR AND THE PROGRESS OF NATIONS HAS ALMOST COME TO A STANDSTILL, • IN 1988 GORBACHEV OF RUSSIA AND REAGAN OF AMERICA HAVE MADE A REMARKABLE PROGRESS IN LIMITING THE RACE IN ARMAMENTATION IN THEIR MEETINGS AND THE MEETINGS OF THEIR DELEGATES AT REYKJAVIK (IN ICELAND), MOSCOW, WASHINGTON AND GENEVA; • THESE MEETING RESULTED IN THE REDUCTION OF STAR WAR (AERIAL WAR¬FARE CONTROLLED BY SATELLITES) PROJECTS. SPECIAL COMMITTEES HARE BEEN FORMED TO INSPECT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE AGREEMENTS MUTUALLY.