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Handbook for Climate Quality Sea Measurements

Practical guide for making accurate meteorological and flux measurements at sea. Covers instruments, calibration, data security, and more. Helpful for scientists, technicians, students, and modellers.

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Handbook for Climate Quality Sea Measurements

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  1. A GUIDE TO MAKING CLIMATE QUALITY METEOROLOGICAL AND FLUX MEASUREMENTS AT SEA Frank BradleyCSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666, Canberra 2601, Australia Chris FairallNOAA/PSD, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 30305, USA With contributions from Liz Kent, Bob Weller, Ed Andreas, Peter Taylor, Shawn Smith, Mike Reynolds, Eric Schulz, Will Drennan

  2. Readership - scope of handbook Intended for very broad readership -- Seagoing scientists • Ship technical staff • Project PIs • Students • Oceanographers • Meteorologists • Modellers So how to cater for those who require detail and those who simply need a “cook-book”?

  3. CONTENTS BACKGROUND QUICK REFERENCE FLUX MEASUREMENTS FROM SHIPS AND BUOYS 1. The air-sea fluxes 2. Basic variables input to bulk algorithms 3. Bulk-flux meteorological sensors 4. Measurement systems 5. Particular problems on ships and buoys 6. Location of instruments 7. Instrument calibration 8. Intercomparisons 9. Documentation (metadata) 10. Securing the data 11. Bulk flux algorithms Appendices

  4. QUICK REFERENCE (6 pages) S1 Instruments and Calibration S2 Installation (location and exposure) S3 Documentation and event logging S4 Monitoring and maintenance S5 Recording and securing the data Table of required sensor accuracies

  5. CONTENTS BACKGROUND QUICK REFERENCE FLUX MEASUREMENTS FROM SHIPS AND BUOYS 1. The air-sea fluxes 2. Basic variables input to bulk algorithms 3. Bulk-flux meteorological sensors 4. Measurement systems 5. Particular problems on ships and buoys 6. Location of instruments 7. Instrument calibration 8. Intercomparisons 9. Documentation (metadata) 10. Securing the data 11. Bulk flux algorithms Appendices

  6. Major issues to be resolved during discussion of Handbook (1) • Table 1 – agree on appropriate and realistic accuracies • How to ensure Handbook covers both RVs and VOS installations • Derivation of “true” windspeed – over water, over ground • Convention and nomenclature for SST • Catalogue of bulk flux algorithms • References and sectionalized bibliography (suggest topics) • How to help novice operators make sound judgments on sensor locations • What to do about the Ron Brown (and other NOAA ship?) hourly GTS reports • Appendix A content • Publication of hard copy

  7. Major issues to be resolved during discussion of Handbook (2)

  8. Bibliography - topics • Bulk algorithms • Ship observation corrections • Technology (e.g. JTech articles) • Field Campaigns (BAMS descriptions)

  9. Appendices A: Useful formulae, parameters, and conversions B: The TOGA-COARE Bulk Flux Algorithm C: Infra-red radiative flux errors caused by objects in the field of view D: Examples of meteorological observations and fluxes E: Useful web-sites F: Data stewardship example: SAMOS Initiative References Bibliography

  10. Appendix A –; useful formulae, parameters, and conversions Psychrometer equation Humidity conversions Relative-True wind speed and direction [(vs. ocean relative) Could be own appendix.] Adiabatic lapse rate barometric pressure to MSL Buck/Tetens sat vp Cp, Lv, ν, σ, ε, R Air density PIR formula Rainfall mm/hr to Wm-2 Height conversions Beaufort scale Outgoing longwave Knots to m/s and miles to km Glossary of nautical and geophysical terms appearing in the handbook?

  11. 1. The air-sea fluxes 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Turbulent fluxes 1.3 Radiative fluxes 1.4 Freshwater flux 1.5 Net surface fluxes

  12. 2. Basic variables input to bulk algorithms 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Air temperature 2.3 Humidity 2.4 Atmospheric pressure 2.5 Wind speed and direction 2.6 Sea surface temperature 2.7 Radiation 2.8 Precipitation

  13. 3. Bulk-flux meteorological sensors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Temperature 3.3 Humidity 3.4 Atmospheric pressure 3.5 Wind speed and direction 3.6 Sea temperature 3.7 Radiation 3.8 Precipitation

  14. 4. Measurement systems 5. Particular problems on ships and buoys 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Wind flow distortion 5.3 Sea spray and salt contamination 5.4 Ship and buoy motion 5.5 Exhaust contamination

  15. 6. Location of instruments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Temperature 6.3 Humidity 6.4 Wind speed and direction 6.5 Sea temperature 6.6 Radiation 6.7 Rainfall

  16. 7. Instrument calibration 8. Intercomparisons 8.1 Portable standards 8.2 Replication of sensors 8.3 Field intercomparisons 9. Documentation (metadata) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The basics 9.3 Sensor calibration and history 9.4 Instrument location 9.5 Digital photographs

  17. 10. Securing the data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Data storage 10.3 Data archival 11. Bulk flux algorithms

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