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Environmental Controls

Environmental Controls. Lecture 5 Electrical Power Management Utility Rate Structures. Environmental Controls. Electrical Power Management. “Facts of Life”. Utilities are licensed to provide sufficient capacity to maintain expected demands

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Environmental Controls

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  1. Environmental Controls Lecture 5 Electrical Power Management Utility Rate Structures

  2. Environmental Controls Electrical Power Management

  3. “Facts of Life” Utilities are licensed to provide sufficient capacity to maintain expected demands New power plants are expensive to license and construct • Nuclear • Hydroelectric • Natural Gas • Oil • Coal All pose safety concerns to humans or the environment

  4. Sources of Electrical Power http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infosheets/electricgeneration.htm Coal 51 Nuclear 20 Natural Gas 17 Water 7 Petroleum 3 Other 2 Total 100%

  5. Future Sources of Electrical Power http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html Coal 38 Nuclear 15 Natural Gas 23 Water-- Petroleum 6 Other 18 Total 100%

  6. Emerging Technologies/Strategies Supply Side Management • Wind • Photovoltaics • Tidal • Biomass: “Waste to Energy” Demand Side Management • Conservation vs New Construction Design Practice Initiatives • Design Certifications • Stewardship of the Built Environment

  7. Supply Side Management Wind

  8. Supply Side Management Photovoltaics

  9. Supply Side Management Biomass: “Waste to Energy” http://www.co.hennepin.mn.us/vgn/portal/internet/hcdetailmaster/0,2300,1273_83267_100490584,00.html

  10. Supply Side Management Tidal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy

  11. Demand Side Management Conservation instead of New Construction www.rockymountainpower.net/save

  12. Demand Side Management Consumption Control: More efficient lamps More efficient motors More efficient appliances Controls (occupancy sensors, etc.)

  13. Demand Side Management Demand Control: Manual (timers, management) Automated (EMS, BAS, PC) Loads: Sheddable Non-sheddable S: F.25.13 p.1157

  14. Demand Side Management Utility Incentives: • Time of Day Rates: load shifting • Demand Reduction Rebates: demand limiting • Equipment Rebates: consumption reduction • Contract Renegotiation: cost reduction UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MIAKA Associates, 1988

  15. Demand Side Management Industry Incentives: • Partnering • Energy Codes • Tax Credits • “Green Lights” program UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MIAKA Associates, 1988

  16. Design Practice Initiatives Design Certifications: • LEED • Energy Star • Green Globes Phillip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis MDSmithGroup, 2000

  17. Design Practice Initiatives Stewardship of the Built Environment =Historic Preservation + Sustainability • Conserves resources • Reduces material streams • Revitalizes neighborhoods • Maintains “sense of place” • Increases livability Big-D Construction Headquarters, Salt Lake City, UTGSBS, 2005 1st LEED “GOLD” building in Utah

  18. Environmental Controls Utility Rate Structures

  19. Utility Rate Structures Billing Components • Connection Charge • Consumption • Demand • Power Factor S: F.25.13 p. 1157

  20. Utility Rate Structures Block Rate $X1 for first Y1 kwh $X2 for next Y2 kwh … Energy Charge $X per kwh

  21. PEAK DEMAND Utility Rate Structures Ratchet Clause Charge to insure capacity based on previous peak demand AVG DEMAND

  22. Utility Rate Structures Time of Day Rates $X1/kwh for on peak hours $X2/kwh for off peak hours … Uninterruptible Power Supply

  23. Example Large General Service Rate $11.25/month service connection Demand charge: $9.72/kw Energy charge: $0.0682/kwh first 200 kwh $0.0632/kwh for remainder Ratchet clause: 11 month

  24. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW 1 750 30 2 680 22 3 570 21 4 550 32 5 600 35 6 560 19 7 580 21 8 500 16 9 590 18 10 620 21 11 590 22 12 620 23

  25. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet 1 750 30 $351.25 2 680 22 $269.07 3 570 21 $252.39 4 550 32 $358.05 5 600 35 $390.37 6 560 19 $232.32 7 580 21 $253.03 8 500 16 $199.37 9 590 18 $224.50 10 620 21 $255.55 11 590 22 $263.38 12 620 23 $274.99 $3,324.27

  26. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet w/ratchet 1 750 30 $351.25 $351.25 2 680 22 $269.07 $346.83 3 570 21 $252.39 $339.87 4 550 32 $358.05 $358.05 5 600 35 $390.37 $390.37 6 560 19 $232.32 $387.84 7 580 21 $253.03 $389.11 8 500 16 $199.37 $384.05 9 590 18 $224.50 $389.74 10 620 21 $255.55 $391.63 11 590 22 $263.38 $389.74 12 620 23 $274.99$391.63 $3,324.27 $4,510.11 +36%

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