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The Crusades (1095-1270)

The Crusades (1095-1270). Western Civilization December 10, 2013. The Crusades were…. Holy wars against Islam led by power-mad popes and fought by religious fanatics A response to Muslim aggression – an attempt to turn back Muslim conquests of Christian land. Muslim Expansion. Two spheres:

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The Crusades (1095-1270)

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  1. The Crusades (1095-1270) Western Civilization December 10, 2013

  2. The Crusades were… • Holy wars against Islam led by power-mad popes and fought by religious fanatics • A response to Muslim aggression – an attempt to turn back Muslim conquests of Christian land

  3. Muslim Expansion • Two spheres: • Abode of Islam • Abode of War • What is there NO abode of? • Christian and Jewish states must be destroyed and their land conquered

  4. Muslim Expansion • After Muhammad’s death in 632, Muslims struck out against the Christian world • Palestine, Syria, Egypt went quick (most Christian areas on the globe) • By 700 – N. Africa and Spain • By 11th Century – Asia Minor (modern Turkey)

  5. Muslim Empire (c. 750)

  6. Muslim Empire (c. 1100)

  7. Council at Clermont (1095) • Pope Urban II • Call to Christians to aid and defend: • “The noble race of Franks, the pope said, must come to the aid of their fellow Christians in the East. The infidel Turks are advancing into the heart of Eastern Christendom; Christians are being oppressed and attacked; churches and holy places are being defiled. Jerusalem is groaning under the Saracen yoke. The Holy Sepulchre is in Moslem hands and has been turned into a mosque. Pilgrims are harassed and even prevented from access to the Holy Land.”

  8. Council at Clermont • “The West must march to the defense of the East. All should go, rich and poor alike. The Franks must stop their internal wars and squabbles. Let them go instead against the infidel and fight a righteous war.” • “God himself would lead them, for they would be doing His work. There will be absolution and remission of sins for all who die in the service of Christ. Here they are poor and miserable sinners; there they will be rich and happy. Let none hesitate; they must march next summer. God wills it!”

  9. Two Goals • Rescue Christians of the East • Liberation of the Holy Land • Jerusalem • The Holy Sepulchre • NOT the forced conversion of Muslims to Christianity

  10. Tremendous Response • First – The commoners • Second – Nobles • Why did they do it? • To get rich • For an adventure • Piety, self-sacrifice, and love of God Believed their participation would lead to forgiveness of sins by the Church and God

  11. The People’s Crusade • Commoners were the first to respond to Pope Urban II call • Marched East, led by Peter the Hermit • Sacked Belgrade • Raided Nicaea • Turks ambushed Crusaders and Byzantine Army on road to Nicaea – The People’s Crusade is over FAILED

  12. The Noble’s Crusade • Individuals who believed they had been called by God to liberate Jerusalem • Conflict between Crusaders • Captured Nicaea • Antioch • Siege and Counter-Siege • Besieged Jerusalem SUCCEeDED

  13. The First Crusade – Success! • A rough campaign • By 1099, Crusaders had restored the Holy Land to Christian control

  14. The Fall of Edessa • It’s not over. • 1144, Muslims attack Crusader city of Edessa • Leads to calls for another Crusade

  15. The Second Crusade • Led by Louis VII (France) Conrad III (Germany) • West – Liberated Lisbon (Portugal) • East: • Germans defeated (easily) outside Nicaea • Mountain ambush • Damascus FAILED

  16. The Second Crusade

  17. What had the Crusades become? • Conflict of purpose • Locals –long-term goals; sensitive to local politics • Crusaders – immediate goals; intolerant of Muslims • A “Pilgrimage of Arms”

  18. The Fall of Jerusalem • 1187 • Led by Saladin, the Great Unifier • Every Crusade from this point aimed at recovering the Holy City

  19. The Third Crusade • Frederick I “Barbarossa” (redbeard) • The first to respond (May, 1189) • Drowned • Richard the Lionhearted • Chivalric; great field-commander • Phillip II • Excellent administrator; disliked warfare

  20. The Third Crusade • September 2, 1192 – treaty signed by Richard the Lionhearted and Saladin • Terms: • Jerusalem remains in Muslim hands • Unarmed, Christian pilgrims may enter the city • Palestinian coast remains in Christian hands

  21. The Fourth Crusade • Proposed by Pope Innocent III • Led by Venice, supported by the Franks • Goal: • The Holy Land • And Egypt • Byzantine Prince promised support for the Crusade in return for driving out a usurper

  22. Constantinople • Attack #1 • Crusaders attack, driving out the usurper • Prince is unable to fulfill his promises • Attack #2 • Crusaders attack, capture, and brutally sack the city • Drove the Roman Catholics and Greek Orthodox further apart

  23. Late Crusades • The Fifth Crusade • 1217-1221 – Damietta, Egypt (Fail) • The Sixth Crusade • 1227-1229 – Jerusalem • Frederick II • Regained Jerusalem through treaty with Egyptian vizier, al-Kamil • The Seventh Crusade • Louis IX of France • 1248 – Damietta

  24. Crusade Fervor • The 5th Crusade was the last European attempt to recapture the holy land • Later crusades were led by individual princes • Frederick 1228 • Louis IX 1248-1252; 1270 – died after capturing Tunis • Prince Edward I of England, 1270 • After the 5th, European demand and desire for a crusade faded

  25. The Fall of the Holy Land • Palestinian Jihad • Led by Baybars & Kalavun • Killed or expelled all Christians from Palestine • Ended Christian presence in the Holy Land by 1291 • Crusades became desperate attempt to DEFEND Christendom from increasingly powerful Ottoman Empire • Europe would not return to power in Palestine until the 19th Century

  26. Agenda • The Crusades Review Video • Special Crusades • Impact of the Crusades

  27. Special Crusades • The Children’s Crusade (1212) • The Reconquista (1085-1492) • The Inquisition (12th-19th Centuries)

  28. The Children’s Crusade • France • Stephen of Cloyes • ~30,000 under the age of 12 • Marched to Marseilles • Lost at sea • Germany • Nicholas • >20,000, slightly older than the French • Marched to Genoa, Pisa, then Rome • Most returned home

  29. Reconquista • Christian conquest of the Iberian Peninsula to drive out the Moors (Muslims) • Initiated by the Kingdom of Castile • Took Toledo in 1085 • 1212 • Pope Innocent III declared a crusade on the peninsula • Aragon & Catalonia win Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (Decisive victory) • Took Cordoba in 1236 and Cadiz in 1262 • Moors confined to Kingdom of Granada • 1492 – Reconquista completed by King Ferdinand V and Isabella I by capturing Granada

  30. Inquisition • A papal tribunal used to eradicate heresy • Heresy: beliefs different from official church doctrine • Nicean Creed (325) • Punishment: • Confession = life imprisonment • Resistance = death

  31. Nicean Creed • I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. • And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God; begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made. • Who, for us men and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end. • And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father and the Son; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets. • And I believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

  32. Inquisition • The Process: • Judge (inquisitor) could accuse anyone; civilians could accuse anyone • Questioned in front of 2 witnesses; had to testify against self • No right to counsel; no right to face accuser • Anyone could be a witness • Charges read in public with “heretic’s” hand on bible • Penalties • Visit churches, pilgrimage, cross of infamy, life in prison, death

  33. Inquisition • Torture • Become popular in 13th Century • Used to get the “truth”

  34. The Headcrusher The Whirligig

  35. Cat’s Paw Iron Maiden

  36. Chair of Spikes Heretic Fork

  37. Stretching Rack

  38. Inquisition • Used largely against Jews, and smaller Christian sects (Cathari, Waldenses, Lutherans, Calvins) • By 1255, Inquisition Tribunals were prominent across Europe (except England and Scandinavia) • Largest Inquisition took place in Spain (1481) • 31,912 burned at the stake • 17,659 burned in effigy • 291,450 reconciled

  39. The Effects of the Crusades • In your pods, discuss your responses to the questions from the reading

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