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Crusades

Crusades. Modern literature has used crusade in reference to all wars of religious character Middle ages: referred to 8 military expeditions in the Holy Land 1096-1270 Resisting Muslim expansion Crux: Latin for cross Cross used like a badge on knight’s garments

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Crusades

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  1. Crusades • Modern literature has used crusade in reference to all wars of religious character • Middle ages: referred to 8 military expeditions in the Holy Land • 1096-1270 • Resisting Muslim expansion • Crux: Latin for cross • Cross used like a badge on knight’s garments • Received cross from Pope after professing vows

  2. Fall of Holy Land • Within 100 years of Muhammad’s death Muslim expansion included: • Palestine • Egypt • Asia Minor • North Africa • Charles Martel eventually stopped it in Europe • Western Christians concerned about Eastern Christians • Particularly Egypt and Byzantium

  3. Start of Crusadees • Pope Urban II began Crusades as a defense of Christian Europe • Thought Muslims would overrun the west • Muslim threat was most real to pilgrims • Often robbed, beaten, or killed • Hostile occupation of lands that Jesus walked • Crusaders had two objectives: • Fend of Turkish (Muslim) expansion into Byzantium • Free the Holy Land for safe pilgrimage and worship of sacred sites

  4. Motivation for the Crusaders • Religion • Viewed as act of religious devotion • Reward from God for efforts • Indulgences • Remission before God of temporal punishment to sin • Volunteering also earned prolonged time of penance • Reduction of taxes • Dissolving debt payment • Protection of crusades families

  5. Preaching Crusades • Popes were primary preachers/recruiters • St. Bernard of Clairvaux • Traveled all over Europe inspiring men to join • All but a few were criminals and sinners, murders and adulterers • Kings also participated & lead; offered financial support • Richard the Lionheart

  6. First Crusades(1095-1099) • Took place w/o support or leadership from kings from Europe • Many of them at odds with papacy • First crusade is considered best organized • Armies divided into four groups meet in Constantinople • Successful siege of Nicaea, then Antioch (1098) • Jerusalem fell in 1099 retaken by Christians, led to brutal massacre of Muslims • Jerusalem is under constant attack until 1291 • Biggest issue Christians don’t stay in Holy Land as settlers

  7. Additional Crusades • Second Crusade • 1144 Turks recapture Edessa • Convinced God was punishing West for sins • Third Crusade (1189-1192) • Most famous for Robin Hood stories Richard Lionheart • Fourth Crusade (1201-1204) • Sack of Constantinople (1203) by Christians • Wanted emperor who would favor their positions • Children’s Crusade (1212) • Most died of starvation, disease before arriving in Holy Land • Those who made it often sold into slavery

  8. Results of Crusades • Main objectives were not fully realized • Delivering Holy Land • Rescuing Christians in East • Military technology • Constructing castles • Siege engines • Battering rams, towers, catapults • Encouraged travel & curiosity foreign culture • Opened new age of exploration

  9. Knights Templar • The Poor Brothers of the Temple of Jerusalem • Palace of King Baldwin of JerusalemSolomon’s Temple • Pope approved order Council of Troyes (1128) • St. Bernard wrote a rule • Military orders seen as way of tempering knights’ bad habits • Tied mission of Church to crusades • Three rank division • Aristocratic soldiers, clergy, lay brothers • Became important banking institution

  10. Knights Hospitalers • The Knights of Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (1130) • Grew out of care for sick in Jerusalem • Served as medical corps to Crusaders • Retreated to island of Rhodes after fall of Palestine • Lost Rhodes to Turks in 1523 • Then given island of Malta by Charles V

  11. Teutonic Knights • Crusaders from Germany joined w/ a German hospital in Jerusalem • Formed Order of the Teutonic Knights • Brothers of the Hospital of Saint Mary of Jerusalem • 1226 turned attention away • Invited by king of Prussia to aid in German expansion • Cohesive unit until 16th century

  12. Legacy of Military Orders • Templars: banking • Fuggar & Medici • Teutonic Knights • German expansion into Eastern Europe—Urge to the East • Royalty began to model legions of knights after military orders

  13. Pre-Inquisition • Christian emperor took titles that seem ecclesiastical • Pontifex Maximus • Bishop of the Exterior • Leaders saw themselves as political arm of Church • Stability of Church protected stability of Europe

  14. Origins of Inquisition • Reaction to Albigensian heresy • Attraction was fidelity of Gospel • Challenged core of Catholic faith • The family • Sacraments • Feared effects on Church and society • 1231 Pope Gregory IX established the Inquisition • Appointed number of Papal inquisitors • Dominicans & Franciscans

  15. Inquisition • With a partner, choose any four and judge in which of the following categories you should place them: • Just • Unjust • Common practice at the time • Prone to abuse • Example: • Secret witnesses: Prone to abuse

  16. Inquisitors • Inquisitors worked w/in context of civil system, but with Papal authority • Judg/inquisitor had to work with Papal guidelines and bishop’s cooperation • Dominicans and Franciscans less likely to be swayed or influenced by worldly motives • Inquisitor had great pressure • Life/death in some cases • Should observe mercy if possible in sentences

  17. Inquisition in Spain • Formally began after Papal inquisition • Coincided with Reconquista • 1480 civil authorities took over inquisition • Spanish inquisition is much more brutal • Often violated the dignity of the accused

  18. Process for Inquisition • Month long ‘term of grace’ • Allows confession and penance • Lighter punishment for confession • If no confession—trial • Swear innocence on four Gospels • Reminded of pending punishments • Subject to close confinement with visits from previously tried • Evidence still necessary if no confession

  19. Process for Inquisition • Witnesses • Few legal advisors • Secret witnesses • No right to know accusers • Submitted list of enemies • Boniviri (good men) • 30-80 or more • Two questions: • Culpability and reason • Punishment • Advisory vote only • Conciliumpermanens

  20. Final Verdict • Solemn ceremony • Minor punishments first, then more serious • Civil authority carried out punishments • Most punishments were humane • Harshest included prison and exclusion from community • Prison is opportunity

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