Airports

1. Airports • Important Terms (Quiz): • ATC • Beacon • Controlled Airport • Uncontrolled Airport • Control Tower • FAA • FSS (Flight Service Station) • Heading • Noise Abatement • Ramp • Runway • Runway Heading • Segmented Circle • Taxi • Taxiway • Tetrahedron • Traffic Pattern • Wind Direction Indicators Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

2. Airports • The Flight Profile • The general profile followed by ALL airplane flights: * indicated aircraft stopped • A - Preflight Inspection • B - Taxi as directed • C - STOP for final systems check • D - Takeoff • E - Climb as directed • F - Cruise as filed • G - Descent • H - Approach-to-Landing • I - Landing • J - STOP, then Taxi to Parking as directed • K - STOP, then follow Shut Down procedures Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

3. Airports • Airport Traffic Patterns • Airports have a pre-defined traffic pattern for arriving and departing airplanes • Separated arriving/departing airplanes for safety • Allows Pilots to plan their approach/departure routes • Will be similar, but not identical at all controlled airports • Wind direction will require changes Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

4. Airports • Runway Markings • VFR Runway - Centerline (single dashed),and magnetic bearing markings only • The ‘0’ on the end of the bearing is dropped • Parallel runways add L (Left), C (Center), and R (Right) to the numbers • Non-Precision Instrument - as VFR,+ Threshold markings • Precision Instrument Runway - all above, + Side Stripes, Touchdown Zone, Aiming Point,Unusable Portion, Addition Distance Markings • Runway may only be visible at the last moments before touchdown Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

5. 22 Term Airports • Airport Signs • Style, Color and Content in 6 categories: • Mandatory Signs - Runway Intersection - do not cross without clearance • Location Signs - You are on Taxiway B • Direction Signs - Runway 22 this way • Information Signs - Boundary of RunwayProtected Area • Destination Signs - Terminal this way • Runway Distance Remaining Signs - 4000 feet remaining 4-22 B 4 Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

6. Airports • Airport Lighting • Controlled by ATC, FSS or a Timer mechanism • Runway Edge - Normal WHITE , but 2nd half are AMBER on Instrument Runways • Threshold - GREEN marks start of landing portion • End of Runway - RED marks the end of the runway • REIL - WHITE STROBE marks each side of threshold • In Runway - • Touchdown Zone (TDZL) two rows of WHITE transverse light bars around the centerline • Runway Centerline (RCLS) WHITE flush, 50’ apart • Taxiway Turnoff GREEN flush • Taxiway - Normally BLUE sometimes green centerline • Beacons - Flashing colors identify airport type • Civilian = White/Green, Military = White/White/Green Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

7. Airports • Approach Lighting • ALS (Approach Lighting System) - sequence of white lights which seem to flow towards the runway threshold • On Precision Instrument runways only • VASI (Visual Approach Slope Indicator) - system of lights, visible from 4 nm from the threshold which inform the pilot of above, on or below the correct glidepath for landing • 2 bar & 3 bar VASI - Red and White combinations indicate Above/On/Below slope • Tri-Color VASI - Amber=Above, Green=On, Red=Below slope • PLASI (Pulsating Approach Slope Indicator) - Pulsating White=Above, Steady White=On, Red=Slightly Below, Pulsating Red=Below slope • PAPI (Precision Approach Path Indicator) - Red and White combinations (left of runway) indicate Above/On/Below slope • Naval Aviators approaching a Carrier, ‘Fly the Ball’, another form on VASI Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

8. Airports • Wind Direction Indicators • Wind Sock - orange cloth tapered tube which shows direction wind is FROM, and can indicate strength and gust conditions • Wind Tee - T shaped form which rotates freely and shows wind direction (points INTO wind) • Tetrahedron - Geometric form which rotates freely and shows wind direction (points INTO wind) • Segmented Circle - around wind indicator, may also include markers to show traffic pattern • Radio Communications at Airports • At Controlled Airports, controllers ‘control’ aircraft by means of radio communication, using specific frequencies and procedures • The Phonetic Alphabet - shorthand standard for spelling out words over a radio (we use the ICAO, and NATO standard) • e.g. Semper Vigilans • Sierra Echo Mike Papa Echo Romeo Victor India Golf India Lima Alpha November Sierra Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

9. Aeronautical Charts • Important Terms (Quiz): • Cartography • Chart • Fix • Latitude • Longitude • Legend • Line of Position (LOP) • Map • Nautical Mile (6076’) • Projection • Relief • Sectional • Scale • Statute Mile (5280’) • Tick • WAC (1:1,000,000) Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

10. Aeronautical Charts • Aeronautical ‘maps’ are known as Sectional Charts • They show a projection of the world using Lambert Conformal Conic Projection • Scale is 1:500,000 (1” = 8 statute miles) • Longitude and Latitude - a grid system used to define any position on a chart • Latitude (parallels) defines North-South from equator • Longitude (meridians) defines East-West from the Greenwich meridian Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

11. Aeronautical Charts • Sectional Charts (for VFR) • All same scale of 1:500,000 (1” on chart = 8 statute miles) • US charts published every 6 months by NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration) • Expiry date shown on chart • Each chart covers 8° of longitude by 4° of latitude • Each is named for a major city inside their area • Normally they contain additional information for Major Airports, including a more detailed (different scale) chart • The cover shows the color scale for terrain elevation, and the highest ground level in the chart’s coverage area • Large arrows show North/South orientation • Also describe Military Training Route (MTR) procedures • Give a simple Feet/Meters conversion scale Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

12. Aeronautical Charts • The Legend and its Symbols • Legend shows all symbols used, and explains what they mean • Try to learn some of the major Airport ones: • Airports are shown 4 different ways, depending on the length of the runway, and if they are paved or not • Also, Airports are also shown in 2 different colors: Magenta=uncontrolledBlue=controlled • A star above the airport means it has a nighttime beacon • Airports are also shown with a ‘block of text’, such as: • 2175 L 24 122.9 • Which means, airport is 2175’ above sea level, it has lighting, it has a runway of 2400’, and an aeronautical advisory radio service (UNICOM) is available on 122.9 Mhz • You will also see ‘CT’ and another radio frequency for controlled airports • Also controlled airspace types and navigation information Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

13. Aeronautical Charts • Airports Example: • What does the VFR sectional chart extract tell us about Nantucket Airport? • Now Try the Local Sectional Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing