Native Americans, 1600-1830

1. Native Americans, 1600-1830 A Timeline of Events

2. Negative Factors onNative American Population: • Guns • Disease: smallpox, chicken pox, measles • Starvation • Enslavement • Government Policies: war, genocide, removal

3. First Americans’ View of Their Environment (read TCI 1.4, p.6) • How did Native Americans believe they were connected to plants, animals, and other natural objects? • Why did they believe this? • If each object in nature has its own spirit, what is each person’s responsibility to these spirits? • Do Native Americans believe people can own land as private property? • Do Native Americans believe in damaging the environment?

4. Virginia Colony (1607) andthe Puritans (1620) • formed agreements and treaties with Native Americans • relied on the Native Americans’ knowledge of the land • Puritans: Massasoit and Squanto • Jamestown: Chief Powhatan and Pocahontas • both sides were interested in peaceful co-existence • Puritans: let’s work together and help each other • Jamestown: stay out of our way and we’ll stay out of yours

5. French & Indian War (1753-1763) • Native Americans had divided allegiance • supported both the French & British • British defeated the French and left the Ohio Valley • Native Americans had no more allies against the Americans • British/U.S. took control of lands that weren’t really theirs, made decisions about what to do with that land

6. American Revolution (1776-1783) • Native Americans were divided over who to support • Most opposed the colonists • settlers were constantly moving in on native land • 13,000+ aided the British, including the Iroquois • those who fought with the British did so to protect their own interests, not to support the British empire

7. Treaty of Greenville (1795) • Signed by leaders from 12 tribes • Chippewa, Delaware, Eel-River, Kaskaskia, Kickapoo, Shawnee, Miami, Ottawa, Piankashaw, Potawatomi, Wea, Wyandot • Established “Greenville Treaty Line” • boundary between native territory and land for white settlers • from Ohio to Kentucky • settlers ignored the line and moved where they wanted anyway…just like the Proclamation Line of 1763!! • Native Americans gave up land in Ohio, Illinois, Michigan to U.S.

8. Native American Land (north of line) Settlers’ Land (south of line)

9. Battle of Tippecanoe Creek (1811) • settlers pushed Shawnee out of their tribal lands in Ohio/Mississippi Valleys • Chief Tecumseh & Prophet tried to unite with other Native Americans along the Mississippi River • Used British guns to fight the Indiana militia led by Governor William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe Creek • led to declaration of war against Britain

10. War of 1812 • British tried to keep U.S. out of Canada, fought alongside Native Americans to attack the Americans • Native Americans believed U.S. took lands that it didn’t have a claim to • Tecumseh killed while fighting for the British in Canada against Americans • Native Americans helped Gen. Andrew Jackson win the Battle of New Orleans

11. War of 1812 • Results of War of 1812 (Treaty of Ghent) • Weakened Native American resistance • primary leader was dead—Tecumseh • British wouldn’t help them now that war with the U.S. was over • completely forced them out of the Ohio Valley • American promised to stop attacking Native Americans and to give back their property and possessions

12. 1st Seminole War (1817-1818) • more conflicts between Georgia settlers and Seminoles over land and trade • Seminoles raided settlements on the Florida/Georgia border • Escaped slaves were protected by Seminoles • General Andrew Jackson invaded Florida • resulted in conflicts with Spain, and later in the Florida Cession via the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819 • U.S. gov’t continued its attempts to remove the Seminoles during the 1830s

13. Bureau of Indian Affairs (1824) • created as part of the Department of War • later became part of the Department of the Interior

14. Inauguration of Andrew Jackson (1829)

15. Jackson’s Indian Policy(read TCI 14.7, p.192) • How had the U.S. government attempted to keep peace between settlers and Native Americans following the American Revolution? • How were Native Americans compensated for their land? • When Jackson was elected, how many Native Americans still lived east of the Mississippi? • Which tribes made up the “five civilized tribes”? What made them “civilized”? • What impact did the expansion of the “cotton kingdom” have on Native American lands?

16. Indian Removal Act (1830) • Passed by Congress, allowed federal gov’t to pay Native Americans if they moved west • DID NOT say that the Native Americans should be forcibly removed • Pres. Jackson sent various gov’t officials to negotiate treaties with tribes in the southeast U.S. for them to leave • Congress created the “Indian Territory” in 1834 to be set aside for transplanted Native Americans • “Indian Territory” located in present-day Oklahoma • Cherokee Nation refused to give up their land and leave

17. Worcester v. Georgia (1831) • Since the 1790s, the federal gov’t had recognized Cherokee Nation and other native tribes as sovereign nations with their own laws

18. Worcester v. Georgia (1831) • Supreme Court Ruling: Georgia had no rights on Cherokee land • Native Americans were protected by the Constitution and their treaties with the federal government • Chief Justice John Marshall • Problem:Jackson disagreed with the court, ignored the ruling • “John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it.”

19. Cherokee v. Georgia (1832) • Supreme Court Ruling: • AGAIN, the Supreme Court ruled • that the state had no rights on Cherokee land • Problem: • AGAIN, President Jackson disagreed with the court, • so he ignored the ruling

20. 2nd Seminole War (1835-1842) • Seminoles continued to resist relocation, led by Osceola • Effectively used guerilla tactics for over two years • Four military leaders failed in their attempts to force the Seminoles out • Major Dade; Generals Gaines, Clinch, and Winfield Scott • Major General Jesup brought in to turn things around for the U.S. • Waged a campaign designed to wear down the tribe • Col. Zachary Taylor defeated Seminoles at Lake Okeechobee

21. 2nd Seminole War (1835-1842) • Then Col. Worth is called in to wage search-and-destroy missions • many Seminoles surrendered rather than face starvation • most expensive war with Native Americans, longest war in U.S. history before Vietnam—estimated at $40-60 million—ten times more than what the gov’t had allotted for the whole removal! • Seminoles gave up over 100 million acres of land

22. Treaty of New Echota (1836) • U.S. agreed to give the Cherokee new land in Oklahoma and pay them $5million to relocate in exchange for all Cherokee land east of the Mississippi • not signed by an official Cherokee Council representative, so the Cherokee Nation elders declared it invalid • asked Congress to not approve the treaty, but it passed by 1 vote • Results in the Trail of Tears (1838)

24. Trail of Tears (1836-1838) • U.S. agreed to give the Cherokee new land in Oklahoma and pay them • General Winfield Scott forced 20,000 Cherokees to leave their land and walk 1,200 miles to their new “home” in the Oklahoma Territory • 4,000-8,000 Cherokees died between 1836 and 1838 • 23-47% of relocated Cherokee died • very controversial decision—not all Americans supported the removal