Foreign Policy after Vietnam and the End of the Cold War

1. Foreign Policy after Vietnam and the End of the Cold War Goal 12

2. Essential Idea • The Reagan Doctrine led to the end of the Cold War.

3. Carter Elected • Ford’s Action: Ford pardoned Nixon • Why Ford did it: so the country could move on • Result: Jimmy Carter easily beat Ford in the Election of 1976

4. Zionist Movement • Zionism – the idea that Jews should have a homeland • The Holocaust helped the Zionist Movement gain strength

5. Creation of Israel • In 1948, land was set aside from Palestine by the United Nations to create Israel

6. Middle-East Conflict • This area is still a source of conflict between Palestinians, who are Arab and Muslim, and Israelites, who are Jews • Creating Israel

7. Yom Kippur War • The Yom Kippur War pitted Syria and Egypt (Arab) against Israel (Jewish) • Camp David Accords – moderated by President Carter, Israel and Egypt agreed to peace • Yom Kippur War

8. Arabs Unhappy with the Peace • It was the first time an Arab/Muslim country recognized Israel as a country • Egypt's leader, Anwar Sadat, was later assassinated by Arabs

9. Covert Operations in Iran • 1953 • Iran and the Soviet Union began negotiating a deal to trade oil • America was worried that Iran would become communist

10. The Rule of the Shah • The CIA secretly overthrew the government and installed the Shah (King) of Iran • 1979 • Iran had a revolution • The Shah was removed • The Ayatollah Khomeini, a fundamentalist Muslim, was put in power

11. Iranian Hostage Crisis • Iranian Hostage Crisis • 52 Americans were taken hostage in response to Carter helping the Shah • They were held for 444 days until Carter was replaced by Ronald Reagan • Foreign Policy in Iran

12. Détente • Foreign Policy under Nixon: • Détente – have a “live and let live” approach with communist countries in order to ease Cold War tension

13. Carter Abandons Détente • Foreign Policy under Carter: • Carter strongly believed in human rights, which he thought the Soviets violated • Soviet War in Afghanistan: • When the Soviets went to war with Afghanistan, America sided with Afghanistan

14. Helping Afghanistan Against the Soviet Union • Carter boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow • America sent aid to Afghan fighters, including Osama Bin Laden

15. The Iran-Contra Scandal • The Problem: Iranian Hostage Crisis • What Reagan secretly did: in exchange for the hostages, Reagan sold weapons to Iran • What Reagan did with the money: used the money to fund Contras, who were anti-communists in Nicaragua (breaking détente)

16. The Iran-Contra Scandal • Why it was a scandal: • Iran was considered an enemy (you don’t sell weapons to enemies!) • Congress had forbidden giving aid to Contras (even though they were anti-communist, America was practicing détente at the time) • Iran-Contra Scandal

17. Reagan’s Foreign Policy • 1. Containment • What it said: prevent communism from spreading • 2. Truman Doctrine • What it said: protect Greece and Turkey from communism • 3. Eisenhower Doctrine • What it said: protect the Middle East from communism • 4. Détente • What it said: make peace with communism (“live and let live”)

18. The Reagan Doctrine • 5. Reagan Doctrine • What it said: DESTORY COMMUNISM • The Difference: Reagan did not want to “put up with” communism, he wanted to end it completely (destroy it)

19. Enforcing the Reagan Doctrine • Strategy #1: “Peace through Strength” • Reagan authorized a massive build up of the military • Reagan hoped the Soviet Union’s economy would collapse while trying to keep up the arms race

20. Peace through Strength • Strategic Defense Initiative – nicknamed “Star Wars”, this program sought to build weapons that could intercept missiles (in space) • Was this realistic at the time?

21. Proxy Wars • Strategy #2: Proxy Wars • Proxy wars – rather than fight the Soviet Union directly, America would help countries fighting the Soviet

22. Proxy Wars • Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan were proxy wars • This kept America and the Soviet Union from fighting directly and starting nuclear war • The Reagan Doctrine • Where did we fight in the 1950s? • Where did we fight in the 1960s? • Where is Afghanistan? • What can be said about all the places we fought/were involved in during the Cold War?

23. Soviets Near Collapse • New Soviet Leader: Mikhail Gorbachev • Change #1: Perestroika – allowed for more economic freedom • Change #2: Glasnost – allowed more freedom of speech and religion

24. Reagan Keeps the Pressure On • 1985 (Germany) • Reagan visited West Berlin, aware that the Soviet Union was near collapse • In a speech, Reagan demanded Gorbachev tear down the Berlin Wall • Reagan’s Speech

25. Tiananmen Square • 1989 (China) • Chinese students held a massive protest at Tiananmen Square • The world watched as the students were attacked by the Chinese military • Chinese Protest Communist Rule

26. Freedom vs. Oppression

27. The Iron Curtain Raises • 1989 (Eastern Europe) • Eastern European countries began having revolutions • Communist governments were turned into democratic governments

28. Fall of the Berlin Wall • 1989 (Germany) • The Berlin Wall was torn down • Germany was reunited as a democratic country

29. Soviet Union Collapses, Cold War Ends • 1991 (Soviet Union) • The Soviet Union collapsed (Russia again!) • Boris Yeltsin became president • The Cold War ended • The Cold War Ends

30. What was the effect of the Reagan Doctrine?