Jeffersonian Democracy

1. Jeffersonian Democracy

2. A. Revolution of 1800 • Election • Jefferson popular vote winner • Technicality gave Burr and Jefferson some # of electoral votes. • Burr did not defer, election went to House • Finally went to TJ when some Feds feared Burr Presidency and abstained. • TJ defeats John Adams and Burr – Burr becomes VP. • Significance • Jefferson called it a “revolution” • Return to the spirit of 1776 and a truly republican gov’t. • Revolutionary in that in that there was a peaceful transfer of power. • John Adams last Federalist President.

3. B. The Inconsistent Jefferson • Two Jeffersons • Bookish intellectual philosopher • The practical politician • Did not boot Federalist public servants – little patronage for loyal Jeffersonians • Alien and Sedition Acts expired on their own. • Did not do away with funding at par and assuming state debts. • Kept Bank of US (would recharter it in 1816) • Did not repeal protective tariff (would raise it later) • DID repeal the whiskey excise and substantially reduced debt however.

4. C. The Judiciary and John Marshall • Judiciary Act of 1801 • Last ditch effort by Federalists to leave mark • Created 16 new judgeships that could be filled by outgoing Adams. • 3 consider “midnight” judges with commissions being written at 9 pm of Adams’ last day in office. • John Marshall • appointed Chief Justice by Adams at end of term • Jefferson’s cousin • Served 34 years on Supreme Court • Passed on Federalist legacy long after the Federalist party died out. • Shaped the American legal tradition more profoundly than any other figure in US history.

5. Marbury v. Madison (1803) • “midnight” judge Wm Marbury never received commission. • New Secretary of State James Madison shelved it on first day in office (never delivered the night before). • Marshall decision • Denied Marbury’s appeal BUT because, he claimed, that the Judiciary Act of 1789 that allowed Supreme Court authority to issue writs of mandamus was unconstitutional. • Denied himself one Federalist judge, but dramatically increased the power of the Supreme Court at the same time • Power to review laws of Congress and determine their constitutionality now squarely in the hands of the S.C. = JUDICIAL REVIEW.

6. D. Early Foreign Policy • Distrusted large standing armies • Pirates on Barbary Coast forced TJ to act • Paid $60,000 in ransom money and sent US Marines to Tripoli to protect Us shipping • Developed a navy of 200 small boats known as “jeffs” or the “mosquito fleet” – one mounted gun. • Worried about strong naval or military build-up would drag US into foreign conflicts.

7. E. Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Napoleon Bonaparte convinced Spain to cede Louisiana Territory to France • TJ feared French control of Mississippi and New Orleans • Sent Monroe and Livingston to Paris to offer $10 million for New Orleans and as much land east of it as possible • TJ knew that if this failed, he would have to ally with GB for protection. • Napoleon decides to sell ALL of Louisiana Territory for $15 million • Couldn’t control sugar island of Santo Domingo – slave revolt led by Touissant L’Ouverture. • No longer needed Louisiana to be food source for island. • Feared turning over Louisiana to GB as a spoil of war • Hoped strengthened US would thwart British power in North America.

8. Jefferson Conflicted • Strict construction of Constitution says nothing about land purchases by President. • Saw this land grab as solidifying democratic experiment. • Avoided war with France and alliance with GB. • Removed last vestige of Old Europe from North America. • Feared Napoleon would rescind offer – submitted treaties to Senate knowing purchase was unconstitutional. • Congress and public highly supportive • 828,000 sq. mi at $.03/acre

10. Lewis and Clark - 1804 • TJ sent his personal secretary Meriweather Lewis and army officer Wm Clark to explore what they had purchased • Aided by Shoshoni woman Sacajawea • 2.5 year trek from St. Louis, through Rockies and to Oregon territory. • Made many scientific observations, maps and contact with many native tribes.

12. F. Second Term Showdown(s) • Easily won re-election in 1804. • Napoleon declares war on GB in 1803 • Brits win Battle of Trafalgar – dominate on sea. • Napoleon wins Battle of Austerlitz – dominates on land. • US can’t trade with either without facing repercussions from the other. • The Chesapeake Incident – 1807. • Background • GB heavily in the practice of impressing US sailors. • 6,000 US sailors stolen from 1808-1811. • Showdown • GB warship boarded US frigate 10 mi off coast of VA. • GB Captain demanded 4 deserters. • When US Captain refused, GB Cpt. Ordered Chesapeake to be fired upon at close range – killed 3. • US public outraged – TJ could have had war if he wanted it – but US not ready.

13. Embargo of 1807 • US food in high demand by both belligerents • TJ saw economic sanctions as a way to get France and GB to respect US rights • Congress passing Embargo Act of 1807 • Forbade all US exports – “Peaceful Coercion” • Backfired for TJ • Hurt New England shipping and southern farmers more than GB and France • Major black market developed. • Revived almost dead Federalist Party – New England talked of secession. • Actually helped New England industrialize – something that TJ always opposed. • Embargo repealed 1809 (3 days before TJ left office) • Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act – opened up trade with all nations EXCEPT GB and France.

14. G. James Madison and the War of 1812 • Macon’s Bill #2 • Replaced Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 • Opened up trade with ALL nations but… • If GB or France lifted restrictions on trade with US, US would restore embargo on other nation. • Napoleon took bait • France said they would lift restrictions if GB did the same. • GB did not, and US restored embargo against her • War was bound to come… • And it did

15. “War Hawks” • Newly elected Congressmen from South and West • Clamored for “a new war against an old enemy” • Angered at British impressment of US sailors • Furious over British Canada supplying weapons to frontier natives. • Tecumseh and the Prophet • Shawnee Brothers who tried to create eastern Miss confederacy to stem westward advance of settlers. • A band led by Prophet defeated and killed by Indiana governor Wm Henry Harrison and his army at Tippecanoe. • Tecumseh allied with British, but died at Battle of Thames in 1813.

16. “Mr. Madison’s War” • Invasion of Canada • Would have been victorious if concentrated on one large city like Montreal • Instead, launched 3-prong attack on Detroit, Niagara and Lake Champlain. • All were repulsed • Tried again in 1813, but that failed too • Great Lakes • More success on sea • USS Constitution “Old Ironsides” • Commodore Oliver Perry def. GB on Lake Erie and allows for Harrison’s troops to overtake Brits at Battle of the Thames in 1813

18. On the Defensive • New York • Brits attack New York through Lake Champlain • Thomas Macdonough pulled off 11th hour victory • Critical win as it staved off British invasion • Washington D.C. • Brits attack and burn Capitol and White House • Launch attack on Ft. Henry in Baltimore but are repulsed. • Francis Scott Key pens “Star Spangled Banner”

20. New Orleans • Brits also attack New Orleans • Andrew Jackson’s troops entrenched there • Kill 2,000 (of 8,000) Brits in half hour – only 70 US casualties. • Ironically, 2 weeks AFTER peace treaty signed.

21. Treaty of Ghent • Signed Christmas Eve 1814 • Essentially an armistice • All conquered territory restore to original owner. • No mention of original grievances for which the war was fought: impressment, Indian menace, trade restrictions

22. H. Death of the Federalists • New England • Home of the Federalists • Prospered during war due to illicit trade with Brits • Strongly against war • Small minority suggested secession • Hartford Convention • 26 men from MA, CT, RI, NH and VT met secretly in Hartford, CT to discuss their grievances • 2/3rds vote for embargo, new states or war • Single term Prez and no two consecutive Presidents from same state. • Abolition of 3/5th clause • Sent 3 of men to D.C. to submit their complaints • Victorious news from New Orleans and Ghent just in • Federalists looked petty and treasonous • Never run a candidate again.

23. I. War of 1812 Legacy • Small compared to Napoleon in Europe, but large consequences for US • US stood up for its rights as a sovereign nation • New respect earned for fighting capability. • Navy made a name for itself – US taken more seriously diplomatically as a result. • War heroes emerged in Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison. • Federalist Party largest casualty – sectionalism melted somewhat. • Natives forced to relinquish large tracts of land – again. • Manufacturing prospered due to GB blockade and previous emabargo – less dependent on Europe for goods. • Surge in US NATIONALISM – did not fight as one nation, but came out as one.

24. J. Nationalism • Def. - Spirit of national consciousness or national oneness. • American capable of defending herself • Death of Federalists- temporarily reduced sectionalism and states’ rights sentiment. • Decline of economic and political dependence on Europe – turned focus westward • Nationalism demonstrated itself in Literature, art and architecture

25. Literature • Romantic period (1820-1860) marked first great literary generation of America. • Protagonists haunted, alienated, larger than life, left to the make their own way. • James Fenimore Cooper • The Pioneers • Last of the Mohicans • Nathaniel Hawthorne • The Scarlet Letter • The House of the Seven Gables • Herman Melville • Moby Dick • Edgar Poe

26. Poetry • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow • Paul Revere’s Ride • The Song of Hiawatha • Ralph Waldo Emerson • The Transcendentalist • The Young American • John Greenleaf Whittier • Legends of New England in Prose and Verse • Oliver Wendell Holmes • Old Ironsides • The Last Leaf

27. Art • Reflected 19th century themes of discovery, exploration and settlement. • Focused on aethestics of the sublime and landscapes • Hudson River School • Thomas Cole • Albert Bierstadt • Rocky Mountain School • Thomas Moran

28. Architecture • Moved away from Georgian style that emulated GBish architecture (17th c) towards more Neo-classical style. • Copied Ancient Greeks and Romans in style of government and style of architecture Georgian Neo-Classical/Greek Revival

29. Georgian Neo-Classical/Greek Revival

30. Neo-Classical/Greek Revival Georgian

31. Neo-Classical/Greek Revival Georgian

32. K. The “Era of Good Feelings” (1816-1824) • Henry Clay’s “American System”-Bank, Tariffs, Internal Improvements • Second Bank of US • First BUS Expired 1811 • Lack of Bank during War of 1812 hurt economy • 2nd Bank modeled after first but with 3.5X more capital. • Jeffersonians supported 2nd bank, but Feds denounced it as unconstitutional(!)

33. Tariff of 1816 • Purpose: protect US manufacturing from British competition. • First protective tariff in US history. • 20-25% duties on imports • Created sectional tension between 3 regions • North • opposed – feared it would damage shipping indutry • Rep. by Daniel Webster (MA) • South • Originally supported, then opposed fearing it enriched New England at expense of South • Rep. by John C. Calhoun (SC) • West • In favor as it would fund needed roads and canals linking west to east • Rep by Henry Clay (KY)

34. Internal Improvements • Congress passed Calhoun’s Bonus Bill of 1817 but Presidents Madison and Monroe both vetoed it • Called for federal funding for internal improvements (roads/canals) • Jeffersonians said it was a states rights issue and therefore, unconstitutional • New Englanders feared it would drain population to the West.

35. L. James Monroe • Continuation of “Virginian Dynasty” (4th) • Presidency dubbed the “Era of Good Feelings” • Death of Federalists • Jeffersonians adopted many Federalist policies (financial plan, expansion, loose construction) • Federalists originally nationalist, but now opposed to Republican nationalism. • Feds became strict constructionists esp. re: internal improvements.

36. “Era of Good Feelings” somewhat a misnomer • Democratic Republican did enjoy 1 party rule, but factions split party • Emerging sectionalism (east, west and south) • Tariff division (north and south opposed; west in favor) • BUS (west and south opposed; east in favor) • Sale of public lands (east opposed; west and south in favor) • Panic of 1819 – west vs. eastern bankers • Missouri Compromise intensified sectionalism

37. Panic of 1819 • First economic depression since 1790s • Would recur every 20 + years (1837, 1857, 1873, 1893, 1907, 1929) • Causes • Overspeculation on frontier lands by banks (esp BUS) • Inflation from War of 1812 • Negative balance of trade with GB – drained US of gold and silver • BUS forced “wildcat” western banks to foreclose on western farms • BUS started demanding payment in coin, not paper • State banks then required loans paid back in specie (coin) • Many farmers didn’t have specie so they lost their farms

38. Results • Western farmers viewed bank as evil financial monster. • Hard hit poor looking for more responsive gov’t (beginnings of Jacksonian democracy) • Widespread sentiment to end practice of imprisoning debtors.

39. Westward Expansion • Nine new western states joined union from 1791-1819 • Alternated between slave and free • Maintaining sectional balance in Congress supreme goal. • Weak in population and influence • Reasons for westward expansion • Cheap land in Ohio attracted 1000s of Euro immigrants. • Land exhaustion of tobacco states drove ppl west. • Embargo drove ppl west. • Land speculation – small down payment with installments. • Defeat of western natives cleared land for sale • Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) • Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) • Transportation Revolution • Cumberland Road begun in 1811 – linked MD to IL • Steamboat in 1811 made upstream travel possible. • Canal Era of 1820-1850 allowed for increased east-west trade

40. John Tallmadge • Missouri Compromise • MO asked to enter union in 1819 • James Tallmadge introduced amendment on MO statehood • No more slaves could be brought to MO. • Gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. • South viewed this as serious threat to sectional balance. • Senate still 11 slave and 11 free • Tallmadge Amendment might set precedent for future states • Senate refused to pass the amendment

41. Compromise • Henry Clay crafted • MO to be admitted as slave state; ME to be admitted as free • Kept sectional balance at 12-12 in Senate for next 15 years. • Future slavery prohibited north of 36’30’’ (so. Border of MO) • Both sides supported • Legacy • Lasted 34 years until Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 • Slavery now the dominant issue in US politics. • Serious setback to national unity • South began to develop a sectional nationalism all its own. • South looked to the west to form alliance.

43. Monroe’s Foreign Policy • Rush-Bagot Treaty(1817) • US and Canada agree to disarmament on Great Lakes • Treaty of 1818 • Negotiated by Sec of State John Quincy Adams • Fixed US-Canadian border at 49th parallel to Rocky Mts. • By 1870, share longest unfortified boundary in the world – 5,500 mi.

44. Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase Treaty) of 1819 • Indians and runaway slaves launching attacks across Florida-US border • Monroe ordered Jackson to attack/pursue marauders • Jackson swept through Florida in First Seminole War 1816-18 • Ultimatum offered to Spain: control your people of cede Florida to US • Spain not equipped to do this (revolutions in S. America) so decided to negotiate • Spain ceded Florida and all claims to Oregon • US abandoned claims to Texas

45. Monroe Doctrine • Europe • European monarchies concerned with revolutions in Latin America. • Saw democracy as a threat to absolute monarchy • Sought to restore newly independent Latin American countries to Spanish rule • Monroe Doctrine • Penned by Sec of State John Q. Adams • Warned Europe that they could keep existed colonies, but gain no new ones. • Leave independent republics, US and western hemisphere alone. • Maintained GW’s tradition of avoiding “entangling alliances”. • Became cornerstone of US foreign policy thorughout 19th and early 20th century. • JQ Adams da man! Treaty of 1818, Adams-Onis and now this?