Jeffersonian Democracy

1. Jeffersonian Democracy Chapter 7

2. Politics Section 1

3. Man of Contradictions • Jefferson foreswore the pomp and circumstance of previous presidents • Argued for state governments, agriculture, less taxation, smaller national government and more individual freedom • Yet his administration enlarged the government and its powers while Jefferson himself owned slaves

4. A Man of Clear Vision? • He refused to bring Sedition charges, declared the law unconstitutional • Abolished internal taxes, relied on the sale of western lands and imports for revenue • Reduced the size of the army and navy • Only replaced 69 of 453 Federalist officials • Appointed a hater of the debt (Gallatin) as Treasurer • Dismantle federal debt

5. Jefferson and the Judiciary • Adams had worked to pass Judiciary Act of 1801 • Created new circuits and judgeships giving Federalists greater control of the Judiciary • Jefferson instructed Sec. of State Madison not to honor the new appointments of Adams • William Marbury, an office seeker, sued Madison • In Marbury v. Madison (1803) Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall agreed the appointment was legitimate, but that the Court couldn’t enforce • Gave Supreme Court the power of judicial review

6. Westward Movement • Americans moved ever-westward coming into greater conflict with natives • Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) grabbed millions of PA & NY acrage • Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) had taken Ohio • 1805 Oh had 10,000 • 1790 – 1820 tenant farmers moved in TN and KY • New plantations founded in the interior of GA, AL, MI, LA • 115,000 Africans imported 1776 – 1808 • Slave population grew from 500,000 to 1.8 m by 1820

7. Internal Insurrection and Expansion • In 1800 free and enslaved blacks rose up in VA • Gabriel sought to seize the Virginia armory and liberate the slaves of Virginia under the banner “Death or Liberty” • The militia crushed the uprising and sentenced 26 to death—including Gabriel by public hanging • VA Gov. Monroe reflected on a proposal to free the slaves in the west • Spain ceded Louisiana to France 1800 due to Napoleon’s advancing armies • and Napoleon sought greater control of the Miss.

8. Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson sent delegates to France to buy New Orleans from Napoleon 1803 • Haiti‘s insurrection had become a burden and Napoleon feared an American invasion of Louisiana • Jefferson offered $15m for the Louisiana territory and Napoleon accepted • Purchase doubled the size of the country • Forced Jefferson to abandon strict constitutional interpretation

10. Lewis and Clark • Before the purchase was complete Jefferson dispatched his private secretary and an army officer to collect information and map the territory • Dubbed the Corps of Discovery • They brought along a French interpreter and his with Sacagewea who aided in native translation and safety • After 2 years they traveled over 4000 miles to the pacific and back • Returned large amounts of information while making commercial treaties with natives • Federalists feared expansion would diminish their power and dissolve the new nation

11. Expansionism and Reaction • Jefferson held a “noble savage” view of the natives and believed assimilation best for them • Encouraged credit and debt, western agriculture and gender roles • Revivals spread across the frontier, resisting assimilation and encroachment • Handsome Lake of the Seneca (NY) • No alcohol • Tenskwatawa of the Shawnee and Tecumesh • Organized militant resistance

13. Tensions at Home • 1804 election Jefferson crushed Charles Pinkney • Seeks to end dissent at home by impeaching Federalist judges • Pickering and Chase were impeached and Pickering convicted • After Burr’s duel he was charged with treason for attempting to raise an army and conquer Mexico • Burr was not convicted

14. War and Consequences Section 2

15. Engaging in World War • As Britain and France continued to fight the U.S. traded with both sides • Between 1803 and 1812 the British impressed 6,000 Americans • 1807 British ship fired on the American ship Chesapeake killing 3 and abducting 4 • Jefferson signed the Embargo Act of 1807 • Prohibited American ships from leaving home ports until France and Britain repealed restrictions • Exports plunged, troops were needed along Canadian border

17. Heightened Tensions • Madison attempted diplomacy and negotiations with Britain • Paying reparations from the Chesapeake, ending to seizures • After negotiations failed Macon’s Bill No. 2 passed • Whichever power recognized neutrality, America would enact sanctions on the other • Napoleon agreed, angering Britain • British encouraged Indian attacks on the frontier • At Prophets Town William Henry Harrison attacked Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

19. War! (Again) • As Madison called Congress for war preparations, he faced serious challenges within and outside his party • the 2 largest hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun • Congress voted for war • Northern Republicans felt slighted at British tyranny, frontiersmen were angered by Indian arming • Justification was • violation of neutrality, and impressment • Support for Indian attacks

21. The 2nd War for Independence • Strategists chose to use Canada as leverage to force Britain to respect neutrality • Britain’s navy was too powerful to challenge • French-speaking Canadians would support • Canada was poorly defended • Tecumseh would lose arms support • American ports were blockaded and the invasion went terribly • British captured D.C. and burned the capital

22. The 2nd War for Independence • Generally the war was a draw, American victories at Baltimore, York, Plattsburg , etc. were offset by losses at Dearborn, D.C., Pensacola • America did score some naval victories on the Great Lakes • Most notably Andrew Jackson crushed a British force at New Orleans (1815) weeks after the war was over • Treaty of Ghent (1814) ended the fighting with most terms the same as before the war • The major losers were the Indians who lost land and an ally

23. Hartford Convention • While Jackson was celebrated for New Orleans Federalists gathered at Hartford, CT to protest • The Hartford Convention proposed constitutional amendments • Require 2/3 majority for commercial regulation, declarations of war and admission of new states • Repeal of 3/5s Compromise • Proposals published same time as Treaty of Ghent • Led to the demise of Federalist Party

24. The Era of Good Feelings Section 3

26. Enter James Monroe • As Madison left office he encouraged a stronger federal gov’t • He pushed for a national univ. and amending the Constitution to allow for internal improvements • America now controlled the area between Miss. River and Rocky mtns. • Since the collapse of the Federalist party, Republicans had no problem winning in 1816 with James Monroe • Nominated Federalist J Quincy Adams as Sec. of State • Began his tour of nation in a Federalist town

27. A Man of the Past Looks Forward • A Boston newspaper called the emergence of non-partisanship “the era of good feelings” • Monroe was also the last president among the generation that fought the revolution • Adams signed the Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) to limit British naval influence in the Great Lakes • The next year the border was set with Canada • 1818 Jackson attacked the Seminoles in FLA, captured 2 Spanish forts • Adams-Onis treaty (1819) ceded FLA to U.S.

30. Diplomacy and Power • Revolutions had continued throughout the world and engulfed Latin America • Chile, Paraguay, Venezuela, Peru • 1823 in Monroe’s 2nd inaugural he issued the Monroe Doctrine • America would not meddle in European affairs • U.S. would take European intervention in new Latin America states as an attack on its security

31. Madison and the Courts • Madison appointed Joseph Story to the Supreme Court • Hoped to counter John Marshall • Story voted with Marshall in the landmark McCulloch v. Maryland case (1819) • Federal government gained more power in that and the subsequent Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) case • Many saw the cases as triumph of Hamiltonianism and the death of Anti-federalist vision

32. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Maryland attempted to tax the Baltimore branch of 2nd Bank of U.S. • To Maryland, bank was unconstitutional did not permit and thus it was subject to taxation • James McCulloch, a bank employee, refused to pay • was sued and then fined • The Court heard his appeal and agreed with McCulloch—Congress’s implied powers allow the creation of a national bank and taxing it would be unconstitutional • In this sense the federal government is superior to the states

33. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Ogden was given a NY state license to be the only steamboat operator on NY waters • Gibbons held a federal license on the same route and was Ogden’s competition • Ogden sued Gibbons for breaching his monopoly • Gibbons argued that Ogden operated between NY and NJ and thus Congress has the final say over interstate commerce • The Supreme Court agreed with Gibbons • The federal government had the right to regulate “every species of [interstate] commercial intercourse”

34. Innovation and Economy • The war and embargo provided incentives for innovation • A steam engine, breech-loading rifle, the cotton gin all led to a growing economy of greater output • 1790 South produced 3,000 bales of cotton, by 1810 it was 178,000 • Production then doubled after the war

35. Fear the Boom and Bust • Post-War of 1812 America was in a boom period • 1815-1818 land sales tripled, number of banks doubled • Demand for cotton soared • Cotton prices suddenly fell • Credit markets seized • Land values fell • 1819 America fell into a depression known as the Panic of 1819 • In Philly 75% of workers lost their jobs • Number of paupers in NY went from 8,000 to 13,000

36. Panic of 1819

37. Missouri Crisis • 1819 MO applied for statehood as a slave state • Rep. Tallmadge (NY) demanded MO renounce slavery • Large amounts of territory had entered the Union in the South • LA, MS, AL… • Southerners blocked Maine’s attempt to be admitted • Henry Clay put together Missouri Compromise • Missouri went slave, Maine free • Slavery prohibited north of 36,30

39. A Democratic Society Chapter 8

40. JacksonianDemocracy Section 1

41. New American Politics • A new political system was emerging driven by Martin Van Buren • NY trained lawyer • Promoted patronage to secure appointments • His spoils system strengthened majority party and ensured party discipline • As a Senator, Van Buren moved with Congress against the newly elected president

42. A White Man’s Democracy • In most states by 1810 vote was extended to nearly all white men • Politics was dominated by the wealthy and was corrupt • Votes bought or for favors • Election of 1824 saw 4 competing Republicans: Q Adams, Calhoun, Clay, Crawford and Jackson • Jackson didn’t win a clear majority and vote fell to House • Clay promoted Adams and became Sec. of State

44. The American System • Monroe promoted internal improvements • Clay dubbed this policy the American System • His idea was to use the power of the federal government to promote American industry • Tariffs to stimulate manufacturing • Subsidized infrastructure • Increased presence of the National Bank • Adams embraced a virtuous leadership style • isolated himself from the increasingly partisan political atmosphere

45. The Last of a By-Gone Era • After rounds of increasing tariffs and pro-native policies, Adams lost support from southerners • They screamed they had lost $100m in price hikes • In the election of 1828 he “stood” rather than “ran” for office • Van Buren organized Jackson’s campaign • Jacksonians shortened their name to Democrats

47. Andrew Jackson • The first trans-Appalachian president with a national ticket • Over half of potential voters cast ballots • Dubbed “Old Hickory” for his 1815 victory, he was called “King Mob” due to his classless and unruly supporters • Old school federalists lamented the “careless yet not ungraceful, gentlemen soldier”

48. Jacksonian Vision • Jackson sought to reverse the trends of the past few presidents • Informal advisors—Kitchen cabinet • Promote the spoils system nationally • Reject the American System (internal projects, anti-tariff) • Crush the 2nd National Bank • Reverse Q Adams’ pro-native policies

49. Calhoun’s Nullification Theory • Calhoun (SC) had become anti-tariff since 1816 • They called it the “tariff of abominations” • Some considered secession • Calhoun drew from VA & KY Resolution as well as 10th amendment in new theory • Federal gov’t was composed of states, thus states are final judge of constitutionality • States could call conventions to make federal laws null and void

50. Webster-Hayne Debate • 1828 saw new tariffs • Foot (CT) proposed slowing sale of western lands • Hayne (MO) charged northerners wanted to maintain power • Webster (MA) denounced states rights • At a banquet honoring Jefferson, Jackson toasted Webster, not Calhoun-Hayne