Carbon Compounds in Cells

1. Carbon Compounds in Cells Mr. Mawn 5 credit biology

2. Oxygen • Atomic Number- 8 • Valence Electrons- 6 • Carbon • Atomic Number- 6 • Valence Electrons- 4 • Hydrogen • Atomic Number- 1 • Valence Electrons-1 Nitrogen Atomic Number- 7 Valence Electrons- 5 4 main atoms

3. Molecules Can Be Organic or Inorganic • No we are not talking about pesticide-free, non-genetically modified, free-range molecules

4. Organic molecules contain ALWAYS contain CARBON • Can contain nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and trace amounts of other elements (iron, copper, magnesium) • All organic molecules contain C-H bonds • Some examples of organic molecules • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, & Nucleic Acids • Carbohydrates • Grains, Pasta, Bread, Potatoes, Beans • Proteins • Keratin, Amylase • Lipids • Vegetable Oil, Waxes, Butter • Nucleic Acids • DNA, RNA Organic Molecules..What Are They??

5. Do NOT contain CARBON • Usually dissolve easily in water • Examples: • Water • Oxygen • Ammonia • Table Salt What About Inorganic Molecules??

6. Simplest form of organic compounds • These contain ONLY hydrogen and carbon, hence the name hydrocarbons • Can be simple or very complex • Examples • Methane-natural gas • Propane-gas used for air conditioning, grills • Butane-lighter fluid Hydrocarbons

7. Is very important because it can form 4 covalent bonds • Forms a ‘back bone’ for organic compounds • Can form double bond chains • Ethylene-used to ripen fruit • Can form ringed chains • Benzene-used to make plastics and dyes • Can form straight chains • Butane-lighter fluid • Can form branched chains • Isobutene-used as a refrigerant Carbon

8. Carbon can bond with atoms other than itself (carbon) and hydrogen • These are called functional groups • Functional groups attach to the carbon skeleton • They give the molecule it’s properties • Involved in chemical reactions • Are always polar, which makes them HYDROPHILIC • This is very important for life • Molecules can have more than one functional group Functional Groups

10. What is a monomer? • Mono-means one • Meros-means part • There fore….a monomer is ONE part of a large chain that makes up a LARGER molecule • Monomers bond together to form larger, complex molecules • Examples • Glucose Monomers

11. The larger molecule that monomers form are called polymers • Poly-means many • Polymers can be defined as the large molecule that is made from small subunits (monomers) that are bonded together • Examples • Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose Polymers

13. In order to make a polymer, the monomers must bond together….but how? • When glucose bonds to another glucose, a reaction must occur because each glucose does not have an opening for another bond (they are full) Making The Polymer

14. De= without • Hydro= water • The process of combining TWO molecules to form ONE, through the removal of water (H2O) • One monomer will give up a H+ and another will give up OH- • This will form H2O, and allow the monomers to bond together • Examples • Glucose forming a starch, amino acids forming proteins, and through the building of all macromolecules Dehydration Synthesis

16. Hydro= water • Lyse=break down • Opposite of dehydration synthesis • This involves the Addition of H2O • To break the bond between a monomer and a polymer, water is added • This reverses DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS • Example • Digestion Hydrolysis

17. Carbohydrates • Organic compound that consists of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Usually has a carbon:hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 1:2:1, although there are a few exceptions • CH2O • Broken down into 4 chemical groups • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Oligosaccharides • Polysaccharides

18. Monosaccharide • These are the basic units of carbs • Monomers • Simplest form of sugar or 'simple sugars' • Colorless, water soluble, crystalline solids • Many may taste 'sweet' • Examples: • Glucose • Fructose • Both are C6H12O6 • Difference? • 'Building blocks'

19. Oligosaccharides • Oligo-short • Saccharide-sugar • These are 'short chain sugars' • Contains typically 2-10 monosaccharides • Examples: • Seeds use stored oligosaccarides when they germinate as initial energy • Blood type • A and B blood = have 2 different oligosaccharides in their membranes • AB has both oligosaccharides • O has neither

20. Disaccarides • Formed when TWO monosaccarides bond together through a dehydration reaction (dehydration synthesis) • Examples: • Sucrose • 'Table Sugar' • Composed of glucose and fructose • In 2011, 370,272,000,000 lbs of sugar was produced (168 million tonnes) • Lactose • Found in milk • Formed from galactose (less sweet) & glucose • Milk consists of 2-8% of lactose • Lactose intolerant

21. Maltose • Formed from two glucose monomers, through........dehydration synthesis • Produced when amylase (saliva) breaks down starch • Used in the brewing process.....which creates beer

22. Polysaccharides • Poly-many • Saccharides-sugar • Can contain hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides • General formula is CxH2O • Composed of long chains of monosaccharides bonded together by dehydration bonds • Examples: • Starch • Cellulose • Glycogen

23. Starch • Consists of a large number of glucose monomers • 3 or more • Produced by plants as an energy source • Tends to form a coil or helix shape • Most common carb in the human diet • Potatoes • Wheat • Corn • Rice

24. Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth • The most purest natural form of cellulose is cotton (90%) • Composed of glucose monomers linked together by dehydration synthesis • Most animals can not digest cellulose, and it is used as a bulking agent for feces • Exception would be termites • Used in wood & paper

25. Glycogen • Multi-branched polysaccharide • Used for energy • Stored in the liver and the muscles • Can be quickly used as energy if a sudden need for glucose arises • Branches arise every 10-12 glucoses • Muscles break down glycogen when you jog, run, lift weights • Liver breaks glycogen down to maintain blood-glucose levels

26. Lipids • Fats, waxes, sterols, phospholipids • Consist of mainly C-H bonds • Hydrophobic • Greasy or oily to the touch • Used for energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and by signaling molecules

27. Fats • Fats are triglycerides • Can be solid or liquid • Consist of glycerol and three fatty acids • Dehydration synthesis • Glycerol • Backbone for all lipids • Colorless, odorless, and has a sweet taste to it • Fatty Acid • Yield large amounts of energy when metabolized • Can you spot the functional group?? • Carboxyl • Can be saturated or unsaturated

28. Unsaturated Fats • Have double bonds between carbon atoms • Come from plants • More double bonds = more vulnerable to become rancid • Generally liquid at room temperature • Examples: • Olive oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, flax seed oil, vegetable oil

29. Saturated Fats • Do not contain double bonds • Are 'saturated' with hydrogen (maximum amount) • From animals, and are solids • Examples: • Cheese, butter, fatty meats, chocolate,

31. Phospholipids • Form cell membranes for cell membranes • Form 'lipid bilayers' • Usually consist of a head that is hydrophilic and a tail that is hydrophobic • Keep water soluble molecules out • Similar to triglycerides, but instead of 3 fatty acids they have 2 fatty acids and a phosphate functional group • Examples: • Very abundant in egg yolks, soy beans, and liver

32. Waxes • Consist of an alcohol and a fatty acid • Various uses such as coating on leaves and stems, coating on fruits, used to make honeycombs (beeswax), and used to coat animals (lanolin wax from wool) • Plants secrete wax to control evaporation and hydration • Very hydrophobic • Carnauba wax • Obtained from the Carnauba palm in Brazil • Used to coat sweets shoe polishes, coat the under hull of speed boats, and used in many cosmetics such as lipstick, eyeliner, mascara, eye shadow, & deodorant • Often combined with other waxes

33. Sterols • Contains a characteristic arrangement of FOUR carbon-hydrogen rings • Notice the rings, 3 six sided rings and 1 5 sided ring • Functional groups attach onto the rings, giving the molecule it's properties • Examples • Cholesterol • Sex hormones, testosterone and estrogen • Anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone

34. Testosterone • Found in both male & females • Male sex hormone • Responsible for creating muscle mass, bone mass, and growth of body hair, as well as reproductive tissue • Males have 7-8 times the amount females have • Estrogen • Female sex hormones • Responsible for female growth spurt • Enlarges the uterus, ovaries, preparing for pregnancy • Development of breasts • Males have estrogen, just less

35. Cholesterol • Required to build and maintain cell membranes • Aids in the manufacture of bile (helps digest fats) • Helps metabolize fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K) • To much, builds up and clogs arteries

37. Proteins • Do most of the work in a cell, and are required for: • Structure • Function • Regulation of body's tissue and organs • Polymers of amino acids • Made up of hundreds to thousands of amino acids • 20 different types of amino acids

38. Seven Major Classes of Proteins • Structural- Largest proteins in terms of mass • Keratins, collagens, silk and insect fibers • Skin, fur, hair, nails, tendons, ligaments, spider silk • Contractile- These control muscle movements • Actin & myosin which are found in skeletal muscles • Storage- These store amino acids and provide nourishment • Albumin, milk, kernel in seed, glutamine

39. Continued • Defensive- Defend against invasion and protect against injuries • Fibrinogen- prevents blood loss by clotting • Transport- Carry specific molecules from one organ to another • Hemoglobin- Transports oxygen throughout the body • Signal- Control biological activities • Insulin, necleoproteins • Enzymes- Catalysts- promote chemical reactions in an organism and regulate the rate at which they occur • Trypsin & pepsin- aid in food digestion and breakdown

40. Amino Acids • Building blocks or monomers of proteins • Human body can produce 10....the rest come from the food we eat and are called essential amino acids • More than 500 exist • Consist of three parts • Carboxyl group • Single hydrogen • Amino group • R group (side chain) • The R group or the side chain determines the amino acids properties and functions, and is what separates them from one another • Body does not store amino acids like starch and fat, so we much acquire them everyday by the food we eat

41. Peptide Bonds • Covalent bond between 2 molecules • Carboxyl group of molecule 1 reacts with amino group of molecule 2 • Dehydration Synthesis....this means that.. • Water is produced • Only found in proteins • These form peptides • Which are short polymers composed of amino acid monomers • Polypeptide • Many amino acids connected by peptide bonds

43. Protein's 3-D Structure • There are 4 distinct levels of protein structure • Primary Structure- This is the linear sequence of the amino acids • This is the basis of how we identify proteins • Secondary Structure • How the amino acids interact • Patterns of hydrogen bonds

44. Continued • Tertiary Structure • Protein is fully folded • Kept together by interactions between the R groups of the amino acids and hydrogen bonds • Proteins can be fully functional here, and do not move on • Examples: • Lipase and sucrase • Quaternary Structure • Interaction between the different polypeptides • Some proteins have 2 or more polypeptides • They have an additional level of organization • Examples: Insulin, hemoglobin

45. Denaturation • This is the process of changing the proteins shape • When denaturation occurs, the protein can no longer function properly • Secondary structure and tertiary structure are changed • Changes can occur because of temperature, or pH • Examples: • Egg whites, ceviche, or meat

46. Nucleotides • Monomers that make up nucleic acids • Serve as chemical energy in metabolism (ATP) • Structure • Nitrogen base • 5 carbon sugar • phosphate group • DNA • Sugar base is deoxyribose • RNA & ATP • Sugar is ribose • Nitrogen bases • Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

47. Nucleic Acids • Essential for all forms of life on Earth • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Genetic information inherited from parents that controls the life of the cell and the organism • RNA • Ribonucleic acid • Carries information from the DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis • Found in abundance in all living things....one of the 8 characteristics of life! • Responsible for encoding, transmitting, and expressing genetic information

48. HAPPY HALLOWEEN

49. Yippee! It is time to study!