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WWI 1914-1918

WWI 1914-1918. Causes. (See the Dynamite Notes) M ilitarism A lliances I mperialism N ationalism. Beginning Alliances. Triple Alliance:. Central Powers. Germany Austria-Hungary Italy. Beginning Alliances. Triple Entente:. Britain France Russia. Allied Powers. Immediate Cause.

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WWI 1914-1918

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  1. WWI1914-1918

  2. Causes (See the Dynamite Notes) • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism

  3. Beginning Alliances Triple Alliance: Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

  4. Beginning Alliances Triple Entente: Britain France Russia Allied Powers

  5. Immediate Cause • Archduke Francis Ferdinand, (heir to Austrian throne) was assassinatedin Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist

  6. Assassin: GavriloPrincip • Member of the “Black Hand” • Supported Serbian Nationalism

  7. GavriloPrincip was taken into custody after the assassination Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, riding in an open carriage at Sarajevo shortly before their assassination, June 28, 1914. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife some minutes before they were assassinated

  8. War Starts: 1914 • Austria blamed Serbia for killing Ferdinand and declared war • Because of the alliances, “friends” joined war too • Russia –– Serbia • France and Britain join too • Germany –– Austria-Hungary

  9. “Total War” • Because of the Alliance System, a dispute between two countries  full European war

  10. Animated Map: Europe Plunges Into War

  11. Sides VS. Central Powers • Austria-Hungary • Ottoman Empire • Germany • Bulgaria Allied Powers • Britain • France • America (entered 1917) • Italy – changed sides! • Russia (withdrew 1917)

  12. 1st Stage: 1914-1916 • Schlieffen Plan: • Germany invaded France • Goal: defeat France quickly to avoid war on two fronts • Chose to go through neutral Belgium

  13. Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914) • Germans stopped 60 miles from Paris • Ended goal for quick victory on Western Front

  14. Both sides dug trenches  trench warfare • WWI primarily fought in trenches of France

  15. German soldiers in their trenches near Antwerp (September 1914)  

  16. American soldiers in their trenches  

  17. British trench – soldier on the right is on guard, the others are resting. 

  18. Dead bodies in a trench after an attack

  19. Life in the Trenches Trench foot

  20. Trenches Today

  21. Major Theaters: Multi-Front War • Western Front – France • Trench warfare • Stalemate – no one is winning • War of Attrition – just trying to wear down the other side • Eastern Front – Russia • Russians invade Germany on the east but are beaten back

  22. British entered the war: • Naval blockade around Europe so Germany couldn’t get supplies • Germans started building submarines

  23. WWI = NEW kind of War • First industrialized war using machines • New weapons  stalemate • Most deadly war to date

  24. New types of artillery (huge cannon, grenade, mortars, shrapnel)

  25. Machine guns ended frontal assault  trench warfare

  26. Tanks (originally British – not as advanced as in WWII)

  27. Zeppelins (airships; used mainly for observation of troop movement)

  28. Poison gas (first used by Germans) Poison gas attack A soldier with mustard gas burns Various gas masks employed on the Western Front during WWI British troops blinded by tear gas

  29. Submarines (U-boats, developed and used by Germans) German U-Boat U-Boat Crew

  30. 2nd Stage: 1917-1918 • United States entered the war • Russia left the war because of the Communist (Bolshevik) Revolution of 1917

  31. Why did the US enter? • Sussex Pledge: Germans promised not to sink any more American ships

  32. Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by German U-boats – 128 US citizens killed

  33. Americans really were carrying ammunitions and supplies to Britain and the allies on the Lusitania, despite it being a passenger ship. Still, the American public was outraged.

  34. Unrestricted German submarine warfare against neutral countries

  35. Ties with Great Britain • Trade and loans • Allied propaganda

  36. Zimmerman Note – Germany promised Mexico part of US territory if they fought with the Central Powers

  37. Woodrow Wilson • President who brought the US into the war • Hoped to make this the “War to End All Wars” to make the world safe for democracy

  38. US Entry  • More manpower, money, and weapons • Turned the tide in favor of Allies • Ended American isolationism

  39. Wilson’s 14 Points • January 1918 – Wilson’s speech before Congress • Listed 14 ideas he had for a lasting peace settlement

  40. First 5 points: to settle problems that caused the war • No secret deals between countries • Freedom of the seas • No economic/trade barriers • Reduce arms supplies in all countries • Peaceful settlement of colonial claims

  41. Next 8 points: to settle problems of conquered nationalities • Last point: create a League of Nations to prevent future wars “A general association of nations” to protect countries and settle problems

  42. Effects of the 14 Points • Raised morale of Allied soldiers • Encouraged Germans to surrender, knowing they would be treated fairly

  43. End of the War • US troops got to Europe in 1918 and strengthened Allies • Allies won – Central Powers surrendered • Armistice – an agreement to stop fighting until a treaty could be written • Signed on 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918

  44. Treaty of Versailles

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