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THE COLD WAR

THE COLD WAR. WW II Casualties: Europe. Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations. WW II Casualties: Asia. Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations. WW II Casualties. Civilians only. Army and navy figures.

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THE COLD WAR

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  1. THE COLD WAR

  2. WW II Casualties: Europe Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

  3. WW II Casualties: Asia Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

  4. WW II Casualties • Civilians only. • Army and navy figures. • Figures cover period July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps. • Deaths from all causes. • Against Soviet Russia; 385,847 against Nazi Germany. • Against Soviet Russia; 169,822against Nazi Germany. • National Defense Ctr., CanadianForces Hq., Director of History.

  5. WWII PEACE? • Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones • Poland reconstituted – Soviet satalite • Finland and Austria – Independent – Russia yoke of influence • Baltic States – absorbed into USSR • Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria - USSR • Yugoslavia, Albania – Communist – resistant to USSR rule • Italy abolished monarchy – unstable democracy

  6. The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990

  7. GERMANY DIVIDED

  8. WWII PEACE? • Greece – bloody civil war • France – 4th Republic – Unstable • Britain – empire evaporated • Japan – imposed democracy, rapid economic recovery = power status • China liberated from Japanese rule – civil war = Mao Zedong (1949) • League of Nations replaced by the United Nations • US and USSR superpowers = bi-polar world

  9. The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later 20c

  10. What is the Cold War? • The tension and rivalry between the USA and the USSR was described as the Cold War (1945-1990). • There was never a real war between the two sides between 1945 and 1990, but they were often very close to war (Hotspots). Both sides got involved in other conflicts in the world to either stop the spread of communism (USA) or help the spread (USSR).

  11. WEAPONS • Propaganda • Diplomatic Moves • Scientific Competition • Economic Competition • Espionage • Subversion

  12. THE EARLY COLD WAR

  13. 1945 • BIG THREE • Issues? • - What to do with Germany’s leaders after the war • - What would happen to the occupied countries after liberation, especially those of Eastern Europe • - How to build a lasting peace. • Intentions, suspicions YALTA

  14. YALTA (in the USSR) Date: Feb 1945 Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

  15. POTSDAM (Germany) Date: July 1945 Present: Churchill, Truman and Stalin

  16. At the Yalta Conference it was decided that Germany and Austria would be divided into four zones controlled by the US, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. • At Yalta Stalin promised free elections. • At the Potsdam Conference all of the powers agreed decisions should be made among a council and should be unanimous.

  17. WHAT TO DO WITH EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS?

  18. STALIN INSTALLS PUPPET GOVERNMENTS • Stalin installed “satellite” communist governments in the Eastern European countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and East Germany • This after promising “free elections” for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and capitalism were incompatible – and another war was inevitable

  19. In 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an “iron curtain” in Eastern Europe. Winston Churchill giving the “Iron Curtain” address at Westminster College on March 5, 1946

  20. Winston Churchill - “The Sinews of Peace”March 5, 1946 - Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow….Whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts - and facts they are - this is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent peace….

  21. U.S. ESTABLISHES A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT • Faced with the Soviet threat, Truman decided it was time to “stop babying the Soviets” • In February 1946, George Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of containment • Containment meant the U.S. would prevent any further extension of communist rule

  22. CONTAINMENT THEORY 1947 George F. Kennan “The main element of any United States policy toward Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.”

  23. The Domino Effect • The USSR had a lot of influence over many of the new communist countries (especially those in Europe). • The USA was very worried that the USSR’s influence over these countries was making the USSR and communism more powerful. • The USA did not want communism to spread any further – they were worried about the domino effect (one country becomes communist, then another, then another etc)

  24. Domino Theory Communism spreads like a disease

  25. Truman Doctrine • March 12, 1947 • Greece and Turkey in danger of falling to communist insurgents • Truman requested $400 million from Congress in aid to both countries. • The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way • Successful effort

  26. Marshall Plan • On June 5, U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall • proposes a massive aid program to rebuild Europe from the ravages of World War II. • Nearly $13 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe from 1948 to 1952. • The Soviet Union and communist Eastern Europe decline U.S. aid, citing "dollar enslavement."

  27. Marshall Plan aid sent to European countries

  28. Marshall Aid cartoon, 1947

  29. In 1946, reparation agreements broke down between the Soviet and Western zones. Response of the West was to merge French, British, and American zones in 1947. • The West wanted to revive the German economy and combine the three western zones into one area. Soviet Union feared this union because it gave the one combined zone more power than its zone. • On June 23, 1948, the western powers introduced a new form of currency into the western zones, which caused the Soviet Union to impose the Berlin Blockade one day later.

  30. THE BERLIN AIRLIFT June 1948 – May 1949 West Berlin – 2.5 million population 2.3 million tons of supplies After 276,926 flights Soviet Union lifts blockade

  31. NATO • 1949 • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Brussels, Belgium • Defensive Military Alliance • 12 Nations originally • Today 28 members

  32. Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy

  33. WARSAW PACT • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia

  34. UNITED NATIONS • 1945 – 51 founding nations • Goals: International Peace and Security, Friendly Relations, Cooperation in International problems, Human Rights • Today 192 Nations

  35. KOREA • 1950-1953 • “The Forgotten War” • 38th Parallel • North Korea –Kim Il-Sung

  36. HUNGARIAN UPRISING • 1956 • Imre Nagy • Prime Minister • Krushschev “Secret Speech” – De-Stalinization • Withdrawal – Warsaw Pact • End Communism in Hungary? • Executed 1958

  37. Stalin Dies • 1953 Stalin Dies---- Nikita Khrushchev takes over • Condemns Stalin’s reaign • " Stalin acted not through persuasion, explanation and patient co-operation with people, but by imposing his concepts and demanding absolute submission to his opinion. Whoever opposed this concept or tried to prove his viewpoint, and the correctness of his position, was doomed to removal from the leading collective and to subsequent moral and physical annihilation. This was especially true during the period following the 17th Party Congress, when many prominent Party leaders and rank-and-file Party workers, honest and dedicated to the cause of communism, fell victim to Stalin's despotism."

  38. SUEZ CRISIS • 1956-1957 • British/French Control – military base 80,000 troops • Symbol of the overseas power • “jugular vein of the empire” • Abdel Nassar – President of Egypt • Egyptian Nationalization

  39. The Space Race Competition • Khrushchev keen to compete • Show Communist technology to be superior • Increase Soviet prestige • Sputnik launched in 1957 • USA failed to launch their satellite until 1958 • Race would continue until 1980’s

  40. SPUTNIK • 1957 • Russia – 1st man-made satellite • US – NASA • “Space Race”

  41. The serious side was…. • That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also launch a nuclear warhead at a target. • So space developments led to rapid advances in nuclear weapons. • By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to destroy the earth • In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the first man to orbit the earth – the Soviets had the lead. For Khrushchev it was a triumph for communism

  42. U2 Incident • 1960 • Soviets - Krushchev • US – Eisenhower • Col. Francis Gary Powers • US Spy Plane shot down in Russia

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