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The Birth of Islam

The Birth of Islam. Learning Objective. Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from c . 1200 to c. 1450 . Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time .

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The Birth of Islam

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  1. The Birth of Islam

  2. Learning Objective • Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. • Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time. • Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam.

  3. Monotheistic Traditions Judaism • Hebrews • First (maybe) Monotheistic Religion • Jewish Diaspora • Torah / Talmud • Ten Commandments

  4. Monotheistic Traditions Christianity • Jesus • Judaism  Christianity • Golden Rule • Constantine and the Edict of Milan • Trinity • Universal Religion • What?

  5. Muhammad, the Man • Born 570 CE • Mecca • Quraysh • Kaaba • Kadijah • Merchant Travels

  6. Muhammad, the Prophet • Withdrawing, meditation, dealing with issues of corruption with ruling class • Revelations begin 610 CE • 622 – Hijra • Mecca  Yathrib • Why is this date important? • 629 – The Prophet Returns! • 632 – Muhammad dies without naming a successor • Dispute over later Caliph leads to Sunni/Shia Split

  7. Teachings of Islam • Muslim  One who submits • Fiercely Monotheistic • Abrahamic Religion • Judaism • Christianity • Islam • Five Pillars of Islam • Umma

  8. Five Pillars of Islam • Faith. In order to be considered a follower of Islam, a person must proclaim in the presence of a Muslim the following statement: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet." • Prayer. The Muslim must pray at five prescribed times daily, each time facing the holy city of Mecca. • Fasting. The faithful must fast from dawn to dusk during the days of the holy month of Ramadan, a commemoration of the first revelation to Muhammad. • Alms-giving. The Muslim is to pay the zakat, or tithe for the needy. • Thehajj. At least once, the follower of Islam is required to make a pilgrimage to the Ka'aba in the holy city of Mecca. The faithful are released from this requirement if they are too ill or too poor to make the journey.

  9. Islamic Characteristics • Language - Arabic • Holy Texts – Quran, Hadith • Mosque • Sharia

  10. Islamic Expansion – Political then Economic

  11. Islamic Expansion -Conversion • Familiar concepts to Judaism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism • Appeal of the Conqueror • An Incentivized Conversion • Jizya • Slavery • Social Mobility • Equality of the umma • Trade and the Spread of Islam • Pro-merchant • Trade Diasporas

  12. Islamic Empires • The Umayyad Caliphate • The Abbasid Caliphate • Al-Andalus

  13. The Abbasid Caliphate • 750–1258 • Golden Age • House of Learning • Baghdad • Persian • Ended by Mongols in 1258

  14. Dar al-Islam

  15. Cultural Accomplishments ofDar al-Islam

  16. Calligraphy and Literature A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah • Sufi master and poet • Most prolific Female Arab writer of the time period

  17. Architecture What makes Islamic architecture unique? • Mosaics • Minarets • Squinches Minarets of Prophet’s Mosque, Medina Mosaic, Mir-i-Arab Mosque Bukhara, Uzbekistan What a fine squinch!

  18. Dome of the RockJerusalem

  19. Inside the Dome of the Rock

  20. The Prophet’s MosqueMedina, Saudi Arabia

  21. Mosque of CordobaCordoba, Spain Roman Bridge

  22. Inside the Cordoba Mosque

  23. Inside the Cordoba Mosque

  24. The Golden Age of Islamic Culture

  25. Founded by the caliph al-Mamun Was a research center in Baghdad Scholars translated texts from Greek, Persian & Indian into Arabic Preserves knowledge! Later helps Europe in the Renaissance. This is friggin’ important! Performed scientific experiments The House of Wisdom

  26. House of Wisdom

  27. “Invented” algebra & equations for curves and lines Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian. He is often considered the creator of trigonometry Mathematics

  28. Improved the Greek astrolabe = determines the position of the stars, the movement of the planets, and the time Astrolabe made navigation easier and safer Astronomy & Geography

  29. Developed alchemy = attempting to turn lead into gold Al-Razi classified chemical substances as animal, mineral, or vegetable Created the science of optics = study of light & its effects on sight Chemistry

  30. Medicine • Physicians al-Razi and IbnSina = accurately diagnosed many diseases • Hay fever, measles, smallpox, diphtheria, rabies, diabetes • Arab doctors started: • Hernia operations • Cataract operations • Filling teeth with gold IbnSina

  31. Knowledge Transfers!

  32. Breakup of the Caliphate

  33. Learning Objective Review • Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. • Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time. • Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam.

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