Invertebrates III and Vertebrates

1. Invertebrates III and Vertebrates

2. Phylum: Echinodermata • Deuterostomes • radial and indeterminate cleavage • Enterocoelous • anus from blastopore

3. Phylum: Echinodermata • Secondary Radial Symmetry • Water vascular system • Ambulacral groove • Madreporite • All marine

4. Water Vascular System • Madreporite • Stone Canal • Ring Canal • Radial Canal • Lateral Canal • Ampulla • Tube Feet

5. Classification • Class: Asteroidea (Seastars) • Class: Opiuroidea (Brittlestars) • Class: Echinoidea (Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars) • Class: Crinoidea (Sea Lilies) • Class: Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers)

6. Class: Asteroidea • Five arms radiating from a central disc • Open ambulacral groove • Madreporite on the aboral side • Contain pedicellariae or papulae

7. Class: Ophiuroidea • Five thin arms radiating from a central disc • Closed ambulacral grooves • Madreporite on the oral side • No suckers on tube feet, pedicellariae or papulae

8. Class: Echinoidea • No arms but have five rows of tube feets • Contain spines • Closed ambulacral grooves • Madreporite on the aboral side • Contain pedicellariae or papulae • Aristotle’s lantern

9. Class: Crinoidea • Attached to substrate with many branched arms • Open ambulacral grooves • No Madreporite • No pedicellariae or papulae

10. Class: Holothuroidea • Soft bodied • Ambulacral areas with tube feet • Internal Madreporite • No pedicellariae or papulae

11. Phylum: Chordata • Deuterostomes • radial and indeterminate cleavage • Enterocoelous • anus from blastopore • Bilateral Symmetry • Both invertebrates and vertebrates • Contain four anatomical features

12. Phylum: Chordata • Notochord • Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord • Pharyngeal Slits • Muscular, Postanal Tail

13. SubPhylum: Urochordata • Tunicates • Sessile • Only contains Pharynx with slits as an adult

14. SubPhylum: Cephalochordata • Lancelates • Contains all four chordate characters as an adult • Closest relative to vertebrates (Amphioxus) • Paedogenesis

15. SubPhylum: Vertebrata • Backbones • Contains all four chordate characters as an adult with modification • Neural Crest • bones and cartilage of the skull

16. Vertebrate Adaptations • Living Endoskeleton • better for larger animals • Pharynx and Efficient Respiration • increased metabolic rate • Advanced Nervous System • developed system for distance reception • Paired Limbs • increased movement

17. Chordate Evolution • Vertebrae • Jaws and two sets of paired appendages • Teeth • Lungs • Legs • Amniotic Egg • Hair, feathers

18. Key Fish Characteristics • Vertebral Column • Jaws and paired appendages • Gills • Single Circuit blood circulation

19. Superclass: Agnatha • Without Jaws and Most without paired appendages • Class: Myxini - Hagfishes (scavengers) • Class: Cephalaspidomorphi - Lampreys (parasitic)

20. Superclass: Gnathostomata • With jaws • Evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits

21. Fossil Gnathostomata • Placoderms • Plate-skinned • Acanthodians • Probably led to bony fish

22. Class: Chondrichthyes

23. Class: Chondrichthyes • Placoid Scales (teeth-like) • Several rows of teeth • (Not embedded in the jaw)

24. Class: Chondrichthyes • Spiral valve within intestine • Large fatty liver • Senses • Ampullae of Lorenzini • Lateral Line

25. Class: Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous skeleton (not primitive) • Subclass: Elasmobranchi • Sharks, Skates, Rays • Subclass: Holostei • Ratfish

26. Subclass: Elasmobranchi • Order: Selachidae • Sharks • Cartilagenous skeleton • Streamlined body • 5-7 gill slits

27. Subclass: Elasmobranchi • Order: Batiformes • Skates, Rays • Cartilagenous skeleton • flattened body • 5-6 gill slits on the underside of the body

28. Subclass: Holocephali • Cartilagenous skeleton • Lack dermal scales • Venomous spine • single gill opening with hard covering

29. Osteichthyes - Bony Fish(Bony Skeleton) • Class:Sarcopterygii • Lobe-finned Fish • Lungfish • Class: Actinopterygii • Ray-finned Fish

30. Osteichthyes • Embedded dermal (ctenoid) scales • Operculum • Swim Bladder • Lateral Line

31. Osteichthyes • Fins • Dorsal • Pectoral • Pelvic • Caudal • Anal

32. Class:SarcopterygiiLobe-finned FishSubclass: Coelacanthiomorpha • Coelocanth • Fleshy pectoral and anal fins which are supported by bones.

33. Class:SarcopterygiiLobe-finned FishSubclass: Dipnoi • Lungfish • Fleshy fins • True lungs

34. Class Actinopterygii • Infraclass: Holostei • (Primitive fish) • Order: Lepisoteriformes - Bowfins • Order: Amiiformes - Gars • Bowfins • Gar • They are found in brackish conditions. They can use their swim bladders to obtain extra oxygen.

35. Class ActinopterygiiInfraclass: Teleostei • In this infraclass, all of the fish are considered to be the ray-finned fish. They have a movable maxilla and premaxilla and modified muscles that allow them to have a protrusable mouth.

36. Class ActinopterygiiInfraclass: Teleostei • Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha • Superorder: Elopomorpha • Superorder: Clupeomorpha • Superorder: Ostariphysi • Superorder: Protacanthopterygii • Superorder: Stenopterygii • Superorder: Scopelomorpha • Superorder: Acanthopterygii

37. Superorder: OsteoglossomorphaBony Tongued Fish The Bony tongue is used to bite against. They are also found in brackish conditions. They can use their swim bladders to obtain extra oxygen.

38. Superorder: Elopomorpha Eels They are snakelike with long bodies. Unlike land snakes, eels are usually scale less, although a few species can be found with tiny scales along their bodies. Over 100 vertebrae form the eel's spine, which makes the animal very flexible.

39. Superorder: ClupeomorphaClupeiformes This is the order of ray-finned fish that includes the herring family and the anchovy family. Clupeiformes are physostomes, which means that the gas bladder has a pneumatic duct connecting it to the gut. They typically lack a lateral line.

40. Superorder: Ostariphysii These fish release an alarm substance and their first few vertebrates are used to pass sound from the swim bladder to the inner ear for acute hearing. They also have a gas bladder.

41. Superorder: Protacanthopterygii These are fish that lack specialization.They are important game fish like Salmon and Trout

42. Superorder: Stenopterygii Dragonfish are deep water fish. Many deep sea fish are biouminescent

43. Superorder: Scopelomorpha • Lantern fish are deep water fish. Many deep sea fish are bioluminescent. They have large eyes and adipose fins.

44. Superorder: Acanthopterygii Ray-finned Fish – they make up of a very diverse group of fish which usually have a Pelvic fin spine present.

45. Evolution of the Tetrapods

46. Evolution of the Tetrapods

47. Deep Sea Fish Deep sea fish are among the most elusive and unusual looking creatures on Earth.