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Immigration Chapter 15 Section 3

Immigration Chapter 15 Section 3. Let’s Review:. Who moved to cities? Why? What problems arose? How did they solve Housing Problem? Mass Transit? Water?. Sanitation. Horse manure piled up on streets Sewage flowed through open gutters Factories spewed foul smoke into the air

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Immigration Chapter 15 Section 3

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  1. Immigration Chapter 15 Section 3

  2. Let’s Review: • Who moved to cities? Why? • What problems arose? • How did they solve Housing Problem? Mass Transit? Water?

  3. Sanitation Horse manure piled up on streets Sewage flowed through open gutters Factories spewed foul smoke into the air Garbage dumped in streets

  4. Though private firms hired to clean streets, outhouses, collect garbage, etc… they did bad jobs By 1900, many cities developed sewer lines and created sanitation departments

  5. Crime As population increased, so did thieves New York first to organize full-time police force with salary Too small to impact crime problem

  6. Fire Limited water supply Major fires occurred in almost every city Most cities packed in wooden dwellings candles and kerosene heaters Earthquakes in San Francisco

  7. Fire Protection First were volunteers not always available By 1900, most cities had full-time professional fire departments Introduction of practical automatic fire sprinkler in 1874 and the replacement of wood as building material with brick, stone, or concrete

  8. Reformers Mobilize Concerned citizens work to find solutions Social welfare reformers targeted poverty

  9. The Settlement House Movement • Social Gospel Movement • Early reform program that preached salvation through service to the poor • Began the idea of Settlement Houses

  10. Settlement Houses Community centers in slum neighborhoods Many workers lived there to learn problems of urbanization and create solutions Run largely by middle-class, college-educated women

  11. Provided educational, cultural, and social services such as classes in English and health Sent nurses into homes of sick and provided aid needed to secure “support for deserted women, insurance for bewildered widows, damages for injured operators, furniture from clutches of installment store

  12. What is a political machine? • A political machine was an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city.

  13. Terms & Names graft political machine Tammany Hall Boss Tweed Thomas Nast

  14. What was the role of thePolitical Boss? • Controlled thousands of municipal jobs • Police • Fire • Influenced courts and other municipal agencies • Solved problems and reinforced voters’ loyalty

  15. How were immigrants affected by the political machine? • received sympathetic understanding from the political machines then became loyal supporters. • bosses understood the immigrants’ problems and were able to find solutions

  16. What isMunicipal Graft and Scandal? • What happens if the number of votes was not enough? • Political machines turned to fraud

  17. Once a political machine got its candidates into office, it could take advantage of opportunities for graft • taking “kickbacks” – illegal payments for services • granting favors to businesses in return for cash • accepting bribes to allow illegal activities

  18. The Tweed Ring Scandal • William Marcy Tweed • earliest, most powerful boss • head of Tammany Hall • NYC’s Democratic political machine • Was sentenced to 12 years in jail

  19. Group Work: • Your group will pick a topic and assignment out of a hat. • You will either make a speech as a political boss or draw a political cartoon.

  20. Now the Presidents: • Rutherford B. Hayes • James A. Garfield • Chester A. Arthur • Grover Cleveland • Benjamin Harrison • William McKinley

  21. Rutherford B. Hayes • Republican elected in 1876 • could not convince Congress to support reform

  22. So, What did he do? • Named independents to cabinet • Commission to investigate the nation’s customhouses • Fired two of top officials of NYC’s customhouse (jobs controlled by Rep party)

  23. Roscoe Conklin • Firings enraged Republican NY senator and political boss • Hayes decided not to run 1880

  24. Who were the Stalwarts? • Group led by Conklin • Opposed changes to spoils system (patronage)

  25. Who were the Mugwumps? • Wanted civil service reform

  26. Election Time • Neither sides could win majority • Independent candidate wins the election. • Since that candidate a reformist, the selected VP was a non-reformist

  27. James A. Garfield • Elected president as independent • Gave patronage jobs to republicans • Was assassinated

  28. Chester A. Arthur • Turned reformer • Passed Pendleton Act 1883

  29. Pendleton Act 1883 • Resulted in bi-partisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through the merit system • Basically: you now had to prove you were qualified for the job.

  30. The Good News: • Qualified workers • More efficient and honest

  31. The Bad News: • Politicians found other ways to find money • Alliances with big businesses were beginning to form.

  32. Grover Cleveland • Democrat in won for first time in 28 years (1884). • Won again in 1892. • Only one to serve two nonconsecutive terms.

  33. Benjamin Harrison • Campaign financed by big business • Wanted to raise tariffs. • Harrison beat Cleveland b/c he had more electoral votes

  34. What did he do? • Passed the McKinley tariff • Raised tariffs • Highest tariffs had ever been

  35. Cleveland Wins Again! • Supported bill to lower the McKinley Tariff • Refused to sign bill because it provided for a Federal Income Tax

  36. Wilson-Gormon Tariff 1894 • Became law without signature of President. • Provided for federal income tax in place of the higher tariffs.

  37. William McKinley • Raises tariffs again

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