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The Jefferson Laboratory and the Italian collaboration Physics (excerpt)

27 Settembre 2013 XCIX Congresso SIF 2013 – Trieste G.M. Urciuoli , M. Battaglieri L’esperimento JLAB12. The Jefferson Laboratory and the Italian collaboration Physics (excerpt) Nucleon Structure (Form Factor and Quark Distribution ) Parity Violation Experiments Hypernuclei

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The Jefferson Laboratory and the Italian collaboration Physics (excerpt)

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  1. 27 Settembre 2013XCIX CongressoSIF 2013 – TriesteG.M. Urciuoli, M. BattaglieriL’esperimento JLAB12 • The Jefferson Laboratory and the Italian collaboration • Physics (excerpt) • Nucleon Structure (Form Factor and Quark Distribution) • Parity Violation Experiments • Hypernuclei • Nuclear Structure • Technological Developments • HD Polarized Target • Photon Tagger • RICH/Clas12 • GEM/SiDTrackers E. Cisbani / Experimental Physics at JLab

  2. Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory • Newport News / Virginia / USA (3 ore da Washington DC) • DOE funding + Local Universities and Organizations • Director: H. E. Montgomery (ex-associate director for research al Fermilab) • 2000 International Users • Fundamental Research by electron accelerator on 3+1 experimental Halls • Applied research by FEL and other facilities • Web site: www.jlab.org more than

  3. Arc Linac Linac Arc Injector A C B CEBAF accelerator • Linear Recirculating e- Accelerator with superconductive cavities • Polarized beam • High current (200 mA) • Max. energy 6 GeV • 100% duty factor • Beam released simultaneously on three experimental Halls: A, B and C

  4. Current Experimental Halls

  5. add Hall D (and beam line) Upgrade magnets and power supplies CHL-2 CEBAF after 2013 6 GeV CEBAF (< 2013) Max Current: 200 mA Max Energy: 0.8 - 5.7 GeV Long. Polarization: 75-85% 12 GeV CEBAF (>2013) $ 310M Max Current: 90 mA Max Energy Hall A,B,C: 10.9 GeV Max Energy Hall D: 12 GeV Long. Polarization: 75-85%

  6. Experimental Halls after 2014

  7. JLab physics • Origin of quark and gluon confinement(B & D) • Gluonic excitations - existence and properties of exotic mesons (and baryons) • Heavy baryon and meson spectroscopy • Structure of the Hadrons(A,B and C) • Parton Distributions Functions (and Fragmentation Functions) • New view of nucleon structure via the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) accessed in Exclusive Reactions • Form Factors - improve knowledge of charge and current in the nucleons; constraints on the GPDs • Quark propagation and hadron formation • Dynamics of the nucleons in the nuclei(A, B and C) • The Quark Structure of Nuclei (resolving the EMC effect) • The Short-Range Behavior of the N-N Interaction and its QCD Basis • Cold nuclear matter • Electroweak Interaction(A and C) • High Precision Tests of the Standard Model at low energies via Parity-Violating Electron Scattering Experiments • Measure nuclear properties by weak interaction

  8. JLab12 Esperimento INFN formalmenteattivo dal 2009 per 7 anni, nasce dalla sinergia delle ex sigle AIACE + LEDA per sfruttare al meglio le opportunità sperimentali offerte dall’aggiornamento a 12 GeV Intensaattivitàsperimentale al JLab/6 GeV (prevalentemente in sala A e B) Forte coinvolgimentoneglisviluppilegati al raddoppio di energia del fascio e aggiornamento degliapparatinelle sale sperimentali Sezioni INFN partecipanti (BA, CA, CT, GE, FE, ISS, LNF, PD, RM, RM2, TO): Ricercatori + Tecnologi: ~ 60 (41.2 FTE)

  9. TMD’s latest results at JLab n - Collinssmall, largely compatible to 0; Sivers negative (?) for p+, zero for p- First ‘direct’ measurement on neutron Adapted from A. Puckett, JLab 2011 Collins Moment = h1 Collins FF  Clean probe of relativistic effects Sivers Asymmetry = f1TTMD  Unpol. FF  Link to quark Orbital Angular Momentum Experimental limits: Modest statistics, integrated on the relevant kinematical variables (x,z,pT), no access to large x, valence region, no clean interpretation of the data.

  10. F D TMDs @ JLab 12 GeV Hall B CLAS12 Hall A SBS/SOLID HALL C HMS+SHMS E12-06-112: p E12-09-008: k E12-09-017: p/k C12-11-102 p0 E12-07-107: p E12-09-009: k E12-09-018: p/k E12-10-006:p C12-11-111: p/k E12-11-107: p C12-11-108: p HD H2, D2 3He NH3 H2, NH3, D2, ND3 Adapted from P. Rossi, JLab 2012

  11. Rosenbluth Separation: assume single photon approximation Polarization transfer from the incident electron to the scattered proton Proton Form Factors e + p → e’ + p’ Prior to JLab, expectations were that Gep/GMp was fairly constant with Q2 e→+ p → e’ + p →’ At JLab, new class of experiments show GE/GMp decreasing linearly with Q2 New focus on nucleon structure and description of elastis scattering (two photon exchange); possible role of quark OAM

  12. Electromagnetic Nucleon Form Factors @12GeV E-12-07-109: Polarization transfer E-12-09-016: Double polarization Extended measurements of p/n form factors at high Q2 • Test different models (including different contributions from the quark OAM) • Investigate the transition region (perturbative/ non perturbative) • Constraint the H and E GPDs E-12-09-019: Cross section ratio

  13. Esperimenti di Violazione della Parità • Misuraaccuratadellaasimmetrianeiprocessielastici (e DIS) di elettronipolarizzatilongitudinalmentesunucleone/nucleo non polarizzato • Accesso alle costanti di accoppiamento deboli elettroni-quark (u/d) delle correnti neutre, ovvero alla corrente debole del protone, ovvero all’angolo di mixing debole • Pone limiti su esistenza di nuova fisica (PVDIS, QWeak, Möller) • Ha permesso la misura del contributo dei quark s ai fattori di forma del nucleone (HAPPEX, G0) • Permette la misura di importanti grandezze nucleari soppressi nei processi elettromagnetici  PREX

  14. Lead(208Pb) Radius Experiment: PREX E = 850 MeV, J=6° electrons on lead A neutron skin established at ~93 % CL Pins down the symmetry energy (1 parameter) Neutron Radius= RN= 5.78 + 0.15 - 0.17 fm First direct measurement of the neutron skin Neutron Skin = RN - RP = 0.33 + 0.16 - 0.18 fm PREX-II Approved by PAC (Aug 2011)

  15. Future equipment for PaVi experiments at Jlab/Hall A SOLID (PV e- - q scattering + SIDIS) - PV e-quark - High precision TMD Parity Violation Physics to test the SM at low energy: require high luminosity and precise control of the systematics

  16. Study Λ-N Interaction potential Hypernuclei at JLab Experimental requirements: - Excellent Energy Resolution - Detection at very forward angles (6°→septum magnets) - Excellent PId for kaon selection →RICH - High luminosity Experiment E94-107 Hypernuclear spectroscopy 9Be (e,e’k+) 9 ΛLi reaction Reactions Investigated: 9Be→9LiΛ (3 spin doublets, information on Δ) 12C→12BΛ (evidence of excited core states → sN contribution) 16O→16NΛ (unmatched peak may indicate large sΛ term) H →Λ,Σ0 (elementary process) Published Analisi dell’esperimento sulla produzione di ipernuclei a Jlab completamente in mano alla collaborazione italiana: - M. Iodice, F. Cusanno et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 052501 (2007) (ipernucleo12ΛB) - F. Cusanno, G.M. Urciuoliet al., Phys Rev. Lett. 103 202501 (2009) (ipernucleo16ΛN) - G.M. Urciuoli, F. Cusanno, S. Marrone et al. Sottomesso a PHYS REV C Thanks to energy resolution improvements a clear three peak structure appears in the excitation energy spectrum. RM1, ISS

  17. Experiment E06-007 208Pb(e,e’p)207Tl and 209Bi(e,e’p)207Pb cross sections at true quasielastic kinematics (xB=1, q=1 GeV/c, ω=0.433 GeV/c ) and at both sides of q Never been done before for A>16 nucleus • Determine the spectroscopic factors dependence with Q2 • Long range correlations: not needed! • Relativistic effect in nuclei: needed! RM1, ISS

  18. Search for dark force: HPS in Hall-B 18

  19. HPS Projected results - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 week 1.1 GeV - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 week 2.2 GeV 3 months 2.2 GeV 3 months 6.6 GeV Phase 1 expected 2014/15 Bumphunting Phase 2 2015 or later Bumphunting + vertexing

  20. JLab12 12 GeV era / Equipment • HD Target, • Forward Tagger, • RICH, • High Lumi Tracker

  21. HD-ice: polarized frozen spin HD target Target Transfer Target cell In-beam cryostat Polarized target of high dilution factor, made of solid Deuterium-Hydride: Longitudinal and Transverse Polarizations: up to 75% H and 40% D Relaxation time: > 1 year Polarization procedure » 3 months Data taking: » months Wide acceptance • INFN contribution: • Dilution Refrigerator • Contribution to the construction of the new In-Beam Dilution Refrigerator Cryostat • Raman analysis of ortho-hydrogen and para-deuterium contents in HD gas • Magnetic Vari-Temp Cryostat for HD condensation and NMR polarization measurements • Run with polarized deuterons from HD-ice & circularly polarized photons started on Dec. 2011:D polarization 27% • Run with polarized deuterons from HD-ice & linearly polarized photons started on April 2012: D polarization 30% • Test of HD-ice & electron beam performed in February: on-going analysis Comparison of signal over background ratio: HD versus conventional polarized target

  22. Calorimeter Tracker HTCC Moller cup Scintillation Hodoscope Moller Shield GEMC implementation The Forward Tagger for CLAS12 New system to detect electrons at small angle and perform quasi-real photo-production experiments Calorimeter electron energy/momentum Photon energy (ν=E-E') Polarization ε-1 ≈1 + ν2/2EE’ PbWO4 crystals with APD/SiPM readout Scintillation Hodoscope veto for photons Scintillator tiles with WLS readout,… Tracker electron angles Polarization scattering plane MicroMegas detectors 22 Forward Tagger CLAS12 e- g* e- p Adapted from M. Battaglieri, Genova 2012

  23. RICH Conceptual Design Proximity Focusing RICH + Mirrors 8 R8900 Aerogel Elliptical mirrors 10 H8500 + Planar mirrors Goal: reduce the photon detection area of MA-PMTs H8500 to ~ 1m2/sector Photo-detectors Elliptical and planar mirrors to focus the Cherenkov light of particles emitted at angles J > 12° • Test with hadron beam at CERN with a prelininary RICH prototype (summer 2011) • number of Np.e obtained for direct ring in consistent with simulations • - Test with electron beam at LNF (july 2012) • - test of full prototype with p/K beam at CERN (august 2012)

  24. SBS Spectrometer in Hall A • High luminosity ~1039/s/cm2 • Moderate acceptance • Forward angles • Reconfigurable detectors High photons up to 250 MHz/cm2 and electrons 160 kHz/cm2 background Uva JLab INFN Rutgers U. College WM U. of Glasgow Norfolk State U. Carnegie Mellon U. U. of New Hampshire SiD 40x150 cm2 GEM Tracker 70 mm spatial resolution

  25. Spare

  26. RICH detector for CLAS12 RICH TOF DC R3 R2 R1 TOF LTCC HTCC TOF LTCC HTCC x TOF EC LTCC full pion / kaon / proton separation in 2–8 GeV/c range HTCC p/K separation of 4-5 s @ 8 GeV/c for a rejection factor ~1000 E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab Solenoid Aerogel mandatory to separate hadrons in the 2-8 GeV/c momentum range  collection of visible Cherenkov light  use of MA-PMTs PCAL Torus Option under investigation: proximity focusing RICH + mirrors (innovative geometry)

  27. CLAS12 PID TOF LTCC LTCC LTCC RICH HTCC TOF RICH RICH LTCC HTCC HTCC RICH TOF LTCC RICH HTCC RICH EC/PCAL 4-5 sp/K separation @ 8 GeV/c E. Cisbani / Experimental Physics at JLab Aerogel mandatory to separate hadrons in the 2-8 GeV/c momentum range collection of visible Cherenkov light use of PMTs Challenging project, crucial to minimize Detector area Option under investigation: proximity focusing RICH + mirrors Adapted from P. Rossi, JLab 2012

  28. New RICH geometry E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab Adapted from L. Pappalardo Roma 2011 Aerogel Flat Mirror + Aerogel Active Photon Detector

  29. 8 R8900 10 H8500 MA-PMTs RICH preliminary prototype Aerogel Electronics Maroc2 front end electronics developed for nuclear medicine • preamplifier, adjustable from 1/8 to 4 • ADC, about 80fC per channel

  30. Hit distributions aerogel n=1.05 1cm 2cm 3cm aerogel n=1.03 E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab integrated distributions of hits above threshold 3cm N.B. 1 and 2 cm means 2 or 3 blocks of 1 cm

  31. Meson Spectroscopy in CLAS12 • The study of the light-quark meson spectrum and the search for exotic quark-gluon configurations is crucial to reach a deep understanding of QCD: • identify relevant degrees of freedom • understand the role of gluons and the origin of confinement • Photo-production is the ideal tool: • linearly polarized photon beam (NEW!) • large acceptance detector (CLAS12) Quasi-real photoproduction with CLAS12 (Low Q2 electron scattering) E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab Forward Tagger CLAS12 e- γ* e- p Adapted from R. De Vita, Roma/2011

  32. Choice of the technology E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab … and modular: reuse in different geometrical configurations GEM mMs Flexibility in readout geometry and lower spark rate

  33. GEM foil: 50 mm Kapton + few mm copper on both sides with 70 mm holes, 140 mm pitch Ionization Multiplication Multiplication Multiplication Readout Strong electrostatic field in the GEM holes GEM working principle E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab Recent technology: F. Sauli, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A386(1997)531 Readout independent from ionization and multiplication stages

  34. Front Tracker Geometry X(4+4) Back Trackers Geometry SBS Tracker GEM Chambers configuration GEp(5) SBS x6 • Modules are composed to form larger chambers with different sizes • Electronics along the borders and behind the frame (at 90°) – cyan and blue in drawing • Carbon fiber support frame around the chamber (cyan in drawing); dedicated to each chamber configuration E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab

  35. MonteCarlo + Digitazation + Tracking • Highg+ e background hits • MHz/cm2 • (Signal is red) 6 GEM chambers with x/y readout Use multisamples (signal shape) for background filtering Bogdan Wojtsekhowski + Ole Hansen + Vahe Mamyan et al. E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab

  36. Assembling the first 40x50 cm2 module Stretching Stretcher design from LNF / Bencivenni et al. Use stretching and spacers to keep foil flat E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab Foil Tension: T = 2 kg/cm Spacer Sector: S = 170 cm2 Expected maximum pressure on foil P  10 N/m2  Maximum foil deformation: u  0.0074 * P * S / T = 6.4 mm Gluing the next frame with spacers

  37. Beam test @ DESY / Full Module Size 40x50 cm2 E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab

  38. 2D Readout Electronics Readout (GEM and SiD) GEMFECMPD  DAQ 8 mm Up to 10m twisted, shielded copper cable (HDMI) 49.5 mm 75 mm E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab Passive backplane (optional) Main features: • Use analog readout APV25 chips (analog and time information) • 2 “active” components: Front-End card and VME64x custom module • Copper cables between front-end and VME • Optional backplane (user designed) acting as signal bus, electrical shielding, GND distributor and mechanical support

  39. + Small Silicon Detector SD (x/y) Chamber doublet Dipole Track Angular Range E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 21 Set 2009 / CSN III JLab12 - E. Cisbani 39

  40. 6.5mm 8.5mm 8.5mm 5mm A 5mm 10mm B Disegno custom per JLAB12 da un wafer di 6” (152mm) D A B C 103500 D C 10mm

  41. fori di fissaggio 23 cm E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab Fan Out PCB 30 cm 41

  42. Equipment / Physics Matrix @ 12 GeV E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab Intensa attività di sviluppo tecnologico per un esteso programma di fisica

  43. The “ultimate” description of the nucleon

  44. 3D view of the nucleon • Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) parton distribution and fragmentation functions • Describe correlations between the transverse momentum of quarks/gluons and spin • 3D picture of nucleon in momentum space Information on: nucleon spin origin, quark orbital angular momentum, relativistic effects in QCD, quark/gluon Q2 evolution, QCD gauge invariances ... Quark • Generalized Parton Distribution functions (GPD) • Describe correlations between the transverse coordinates of quarks and spin • 3D picture of nucleon in mixed momentum and transverse space Nucleon Adapted from P. Rossi, JLab 2012

  45. Some TMDs projections CLAs12: ep →e’K+/-Xlongitudinally polarized target SOLID:e3He →e’p+/-X E12-09-009 6 GeV data SBS: e3He →e’K+/- X(transverse target) E12-11-007 E12-09-018 Adapted from P. Rossi. JLab 2012

  46. Different (e,e’h) experimental configurations E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab Most demanding High Rates Large Area Down to ~ 70 mm spatial resolution Maximum reusability: same trackers in different setups

  47. Confinement Mechanism (hadronization and spectroscopy)

  48. Hadronization of quarks How hadrons form in scattering processes ? • Employ nuclei as analyzers of hadronization processes, to probe: • The hadronization formation length (0-10 fm) • The time scale on which a qq pair becomes dressed with its own gluonicfield • Study the SIDIS reaction on nuclei; • observables: • - The hadronic multiplicity ratio • - The transverse momentum broadening Transverse momentum distributions in hadronization may be flavor dependent H. Matevosyan et al., Phys. Rev. D85 (2012) 014021 E12-06-117 Adapted from P. Rossi, JLab 2012

  49. q q q q q q Beyond the quark model: hybrids and exotics Quarks are confined inside colorless hadronsthey combine to 'neutralize' color force q q q q q mesons baryons Other quark-gluon configuration can give colorless objects q q q q q glueball mesons hybrid mesons molecules pentaquarks QCD does not prohibit such states but not yet unambiguously observed Adapted from M. Battaglieri, Genova 2012

  50. QCD Lattice calculations Lattice-QCD predictions for the lowest exotics states: 0+- 1.9 GeV 1-+1.6 GeV Standard mesons Exotics Hybrid mesons and glueballs mass range 1.4 – 3.0 GeV ρ J.Dudek et al Phys.Rev.D82 (2010) 034508 This mass range is accessible in photoproduction experiments with a beam energy in the range 5 GeV < Eg <12 GeV Perfectly matched to JLab12 energy! Adapted from M. Battaglieri, Genova 2012

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