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A.P. Exam Review

This review covers the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, including the arrangement of atoms, periodicity of elements, and atomic models. It also discusses the behavior of atoms in physical and chemical processes. This review is relevant for students studying chemistry and preparing for the AP Chemistry exam.

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A.P. Exam Review

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  1. A.P. Exam Review Regular Review Day 1

  2. Big Idea #1 The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of the arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions.

  3. Enduring Understanding A All matter is made of atoms. There are a limited number of types of atoms; these are the elements. Enduring Understanding B The atoms of each element have unique structures arising from interactions between electrons and nuclei. First instance of Coulombic Attaction

  4. Enduring Understanding C Elements display periodicity in their properties when the elements are organized according to increasing atomic number. Enduring Understanding D Atoms are so small that they are difficult to study directly; atomic models are constructed to explain experimental data on collections of atoms

  5. Enduring Understanding E Atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes.

  6. A.P. CHEM. CH. 7 ATOMIC STRUCTURE Background Info Duality Particle Wave-Mechanical Model Bohr Model Wave mass l , n It explained Duality of matter DeBroglie Atom doesn’t collapse U.V. catastrophe/ photelelectric effect Planck / Einstein Young Bright-Line Spectra Double Slit Dalton DeBroglie H Wave ** Equation Equations l x n = c Schroedinger Named: Quantum model Light hn Matter P E= Characteristics mc2 E E= m = h/cl Discrete energy levels l = h/mv Uncert. Princ. Electron transitions Heisenberg En=-2.178x10-18J(Z2/n2) Equation: Observer affects the observed Flaw: Bohr didn’t know why Dx • Dmv ≥ h/4p

  7. position High prob. region Defined: Wave function ** H Y E Y = orbital Can be applied to atoms other than hydrogen by finding: Zeff Zact - repulsive effects = Repulsions/ core shielding Can be found by knowing I.E. equation Z2eff I.E.= 1310 kJ mole e- n2 Config. Not. Orbital. Not. Not as low as could be in certain instances due to: Hydrogen like orbitals penetration Representations s Rules for multielectronic atoms: I.E. aufbau Relate to Chart p E.A. Know the trends of this Pauli size d Hund’s f

  8. Mass Spectrometry • A small sample is ionized usually into cations. (ION SOURCE) • The ions are separated and sorted by their mass and charge. (MASS ANALYZER) • The separated ions are measured and results displayed on a chart. (THE DETECTOR) Mass Spectrum… a vertical bar graph in which each bar represents a specific ion by mass and charge with the length of each bar representing the abundance of the ion

  9. There are 100 particles of this element with a mass of 11 amu for every 23 with a mass of 10 amu. boron 51.5 % - mass of 90 amu 11.2 % - mass of 91 amu 17.1 % - mass of 92 amu 17.4 % - mass of 94 amu 2.8 % - mass of 96 amu zirconium

  10. B C A E

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