Progressivism

1. Progressivism By Sam Englebert

2. Politics • 1892 presidential election – Democrat Grover Cleveland defeats Benjamin Harrison and James Weaver. • 1896 presidential election – Republican William McKinley defeats William Jennings Bryan. • 1900 presidential election – William McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan and choose Theodore Roosevelt as vice president. • William McKinley died in 1901 and Theodore Roosevelt then became president. • 1904 presidential election – Republican Theodore Roosevelt defeats Alton Brooks. • 1908 presidential election – Republican William Taft defeats William Jennings Bryan. • 1912 presidential election – Democrat Woodrow Wilson defeats Progressive Theodore Roosevelt and Republican William Taft. • 1916 presidential election – Woodrow Wilson defeats Charles Hughes. • 1920 presidential election – Republican Warren Harding defeats James Cox

3. Politics (Continued) • Commission Plan – replaced mayor and council for a nonpartisan commission. • City-Manager-Plan – elected officials hired an outside expert to run government. Cleveland Mayor Tom Johnson fought for special interests. • Famous State-Level reformer – Governor of Wisconsin Robert LaFollette who regulated railroads, utilities, workplaces, and graduated taxes on inherited wealth. • Socialist Party created by Eugene V. Debs, which wanted all economic equality. • Roosevelt came back to establish the Bull-Moose Party and run against Taft in 1912. (Progressive Party).

4. Ideological/Intellectual • Social Darwinism – only the fittest nations will survive, which is why strong nations dominate the weak nations. • Yellow Journalism – make a sensational bias, which the U.S. used for Cuban freedom. • Imperialism – in order to be a strong world power, a nation must have a lot of land. • Antimonopoly – monopolies in the U.S. are a threat to the U.S. economy. • Social Cohesion – welfare of single person dependent on welfare of society. • Referendum – put actions of legislature directly to the people for approval. • Booker T. Washington’s idea of blacks will receive reform if there is a self-improvement over a long-term social change. • Prohibition – get ride of alcohol because it causes to many problems. Led to the Eighteenth Amendment, which was prohibition.

5. Ideological (Continued) • Socialism – all economic equality for every citizen. • Conservation – movement to protect America’s beauty and land. Passed the Newlands Act and created The National Forest System. Head of the National Forest System was Gifford Pinchet. • New Nationalism – have a strong federal government in order to bring social justice. • The “Big Stick” Policy – Teddy Roosevelt’s idea that the eastern hemisphere does not intervene with the western hemisphere. • Neutrality – staying neutral and not getting involved in foreign affairs. • 100% Americanism – immigrants were full out Americans.

6. Religious • Salvation Army was created by Christian social welfare organization. Helped people who were in poverty receive necessaries to live.

7. Artistic • Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, which was written by Josiah Strong and it explained how the Anglo-Saxon race represented liberty. • The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which was written by Alfred Mahan who explained how sea power is the way for a nation to become dominant. • A Theory of the Leisure Class – written by Thorstein Veblen, which talked about how science could solve social and economic problems. • W.E.B. Du Bois wrote The Souls of Black Folk – which argued for immediate rights and freedom for blacks. • The Passing Of the Great Race – written by Madison Grant explained the cause of unfit people.

8. Artistic (Continued) • The Promise Of American Life written by Herbert Croly distinguished good and bad trusts. • The Jungle, written by Upton Sinclair led to the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food And Drug Administration.

9. Technological • Tanks, Machine Guns, Trenches, and Chemical Weapons. • The Automobile (or car) – helped establish transportation in the U.S. • Planes, dreadnought Battleships, and Submarines. • Albert Einstein publishes theory of E=mc(squared). • Thomas Sullivan invents Tea Bags. • The First Radio. • Garrett A. Morgan invents the Gas Mask. • Henry Brearly invents Stainless Steel. • Charles Strite invents the pop-up toaster.

10. Economics • Used many islands such as Hawaii and Puerto Rico for the sugar economy. • Teddy Roosevelt (as president) wanted to regulate trusts and passed the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up many trusts such as the Northern Securities Company monopoly on railroads. • Panic in 1907 because production outgrew the demand in the U.S. • Congress passed Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which reduced some tariffs, but raise others. • Woodrow Wilson greatly lowered tariff in the Underwood-Simmons Tariff, in order to produce competition into market and to break-up trusts. • Federal Reserve Act was passed, which regional Federal Banks were made up of regional banks and issued loans at discount rate. • Congress passed Clay Antitrust Act and Federal Trade Commission Act, which prosecution could now be held on unfair trade practices.

11. Economics (Continued) • U.S. appropriated $32 million for the war and tried to raise money by using “Liberty Bonds”. • During World War I allowed unemployment in the U.S. to go away because it put many people to work. • War of Industries Board did see an over purchase of military weapons for the war. • “Great Migration” – hundreds of thousands of African-Americans went north for factory jobs. This growing population caused many race riots. • Boston Police Strike, and Steel Worker’s Strike failed. • Red Scare – people thought spread of communism in Europe would come to the United States.

12. Social • Muckrakers – crusading journalists who exposed social, economic, political injustices, and corruption. • Settlement Houses – Jane Addams (Hull House) – help immigrant families adapt to language and culture. College educated women often helped in the settlement house movement. • Boston Marriages were created, which was women living with women. • Women’s Trade Union League rallied women to join unions and aid female labor. • National American Women Suffrage Association led by Anna Shaw and Carrie Catt which was for women’s suffrage. • 1920 19th Amendment ratified giving women political freedom, but Alice Paul and others wanted an Equal Rights Amendment. • Triangle Shirtwaist fire in 1911 killed many women because bosses locked female workers inside the building. Led to many reforms. • National Advancement for the Association of Colored People was formed in order to use federal law suits in order to pursuit equal rights.

13. Social (Continued) • Industrial Workers of the World was created which wanted to abolish the wage slave system and create all economic equality. • Child Labor was abolished with the Keating-Owen Act, which regulated child labor. • 1914 Smith-Lever Act to help agricultural education expansion.

14. Supreme Court Cases • Guinn v. United States (1915) ruled that literacy tests are unconstitutional because blacks cannot be denied the right of the 15 Amendment. • Buchanan v. Worley (1917) outlawed some segregation.

15. People • William McKinley – president during the Spanish American war. • Ida Turner – studied Standard Oil. • Eugene V. Debs – created new Socialism • Teddy Roosevelt – wanted to conserve the U.S.’s beauty and created many reforms. • Woodrow Wilson – Very smart and intelligent and president after William Taft.

16. Foreign • Hawaii was appealing to Americans for Pearl Harbor (Naval Base) and sugar economy. The U.S. annexes Hawaii in 1898. • The island of Samoa had an important harbor at Pago Pago, which the U.S. used for the Navy. • Spanish-American War – the U.S. found out a letter written by the Spanish, which said McKinley is a coward. After the sinking of the USS Maine at the Havana Harbor occurred and Spain was initially blamed. War on Spain was then declared in April 1898. • Secretary of Navy, Teddy Roosevelt ordered George Dewey to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines. U.S. then seized the Philippines. • The war then shifted from freeing Cuba to having Spain lose all of it’s colonies. • U.S. forces took Santiago in Cuba and then capture the island of Puerto Rico. U.S. then had an Armistice with Spain and it recognized Cuban Independence and gave the U.S. Puerto Rico and Guam. The U.S. also accept the Philippines.

17. Foreign (Continued) • Puerto Rico was then annexed and the U.S. passed the Jones Act make Puerto Rico citizens, U.S. citizens. Puerto Rico economy flourished without tariffs and helped U.S. economy with sugar. • 1901 Platt Amendment gave the U.S. rights to intervene in Cuba. • The Philippine War – leader Emilio Aguinaldo rose up to try and get the U.S. out of the Philippines, but Aguinaldo was capture and 1901 ending the revolt. • With the control of the Philippines, the U.S. wanted to trade with China and it led to the Open Door Policy which any nation could come into China and trade.

18. Foreign (Continued) • World War I started and Wilson announced neutrality of the U.S. for the war. Germans began to use submarine warfare and sunk the Lusitania and the Sussex. Wilson then told Germany the U.S. is neutral and now the U.S. could start using merchant ships to trade again. • Zimmerman Telegraph urged the Mexicans to join the war against the U.S. to earn land back, and the U.S. found out about this telegraph. Then Russia left Great Britain’s and France’s side due to the Russian Revolution so in 1917 the U.S. entered the war on the British and French Side. (Triple Entente). • Wilson passed Selective Service Act in 1917 which started a draft for the war. After a while the U.S. cut off the German Armies from their supplies and in 1918 World War 1 ended.

19. Foreign (Continued) • U.S. then created the Council of National Defense in order to defend the U.S. from foreign attacks. • After World War I, Wilson created the Fourteen Points addressed three areas of creations. 1. new boundaries. 2. freedom of seas and trade. 3. league of nations. • Wilson wanted popular support for points, but many of the Allie leaders turned down his points. • Wilson was successful in creating the League Of Nations and treaties and wars could be solved with the League of Nations.