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first aid

Volunteer Marine Rescue . TDM MF1007B. first aid. Apply First Aid. Session 3. Fractures Head Injuries Spinal Injuries Sprains & Strains Foreign Bodies Eye Injuries. The human body has a strong skeleton made up of many bones which support the muscles and tissues of the body.

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first aid

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  1. Volunteer Marine Rescue TDM MF1007B first aid

  2. Apply First Aid Session 3 • Fractures • Head Injuries • Spinal Injuries • Sprains & Strains • Foreign Bodies • Eye Injuries

  3. The human body has a strong skeleton made up of many bones which support the muscles and tissues of the body. And bones that can be seen and felt beneath the skin provide landmarks for locating part of the body. Some of the skeleton with their names in the areas of the body are shown in the illustration.

  4. CrackedBone ChippedBone BrokenBone Fractures and Dislocations Fracture Dislocation

  5. - Open - Bone protrudes through skin or wound leading to site of the fracture. - Closed - Bone remains within the skin. No wound leading to site of the fracture. Complicated - May involve body organs and tissue. Fractures and Dislocations

  6. Fractures and Dislocations A fracture means a broken Bone. • They can be caused by: • Direct Force • Indirect Force • Abnormal Muscular Contraction

  7. Signs Swelling Discolouration Deformity Shortening Abnormal mobility Symptoms Pain Loss of power Tenderness Crepitus Fractures and Dislocations

  8. Fractures and Dislocations Effects of a fracture Bleeding Pain Shock

  9. Fractures General Management • D.R.S.A.B.C.D • Control Bleeding • Rest and reassure • Handle gently • Support or immobilise Do Not • Apply traction to an open fracture. • Give anything to eat or drink. • Force or straighten fractured joints.

  10. Fractures and Dislocations Blood Loss with Fractures Pelvis (largest loss) 3,000 mls. 60% Rib (closed trauma) 200 – 3000 mls. 5 - 60% Femur 500 – 2000 mls. 10 - 40% Tibia / Fibula 500 – 1000 mls. 10 - 20% Humerous 500 – 1000 mls. 10 - 20% Ulna / Radius 500 mls. 10%

  11. Fractures and Dislocations Unconscious Victim withObvious Limb Fractures • Lateral (side) position • Keeping an open airway takes precedence over all fractures including suspected spinal injuries

  12. Splints

  13. Dislocations What is a dislocation? A dislocation occurs when extreme force is put on a ligament, allowing the ends of two connected bones to separate. Ligaments are flexible bands of fibrous tissue that connect various bones and cartilage. Ligaments also bind the bones in a joint together. Stress on joint ligaments can lead to dislocation of the joint. The hip and shoulder joints, for example, are called "ball and socket" joints. Extreme force on the ligaments in these joints can cause the head of the bone (ball) to partially or completely come out of the socket.

  14. Dislocations

  15. Do Not replace into position. Dislocations Signs and Symptoms Severe pain, unable to move and appears deformed General Management Prevent movement at the site. Place in a comfortable position. Prevent Pain. Apply Ice. Prevent Bleeding. Seek medical aid.

  16. Sprain The stretching and tearing of ligaments and other soft tissue structures at a joint Strain The stretching and tearing of muscles and tendons Sprains and Strains

  17. Sprains and Strains - General Care • Compression • Elevation • Rest • Ice Then refer the patient to medical help

  18. Applying Ice: constricts blood vessels, slowing down bleeding that causes the injury to swell. Cold deadens nerve endings and relieves pain. How does Ice work? An injury damages blood vessels, causing bleeding in the injured area. Injury irritates nerve endings causing pain.

  19. Head Injuries Types of Skull Fracture

  20. Mechanism of Head Injuries Direction of Impact

  21. Concussion - Brain Shaking - A temporary impairment of brain function, usually without permanent damage to the brain

  22. Concussion Signs & Symptoms • Brief or extended periods of unconsciousness • Double vision • Confusion • Loss of short memory (what actually happened). • Headache • Nausea and vomiting • Numbness (tingling and weakness in arms and legs) • Lack of co-ordination (stumbling).

  23. Cerebral Compression Cerebral compression is a condition which occurs when pressure within the brain increases This may be caused by trauma to the head, or by a blood clot formed within the skull

  24. Cerebral Compression Signs and Symptoms • Diminishing conscious state. • Noisy or irregular breathing. • Slow but full and bounding pulse. • Weakness in one side of the body. • Unequal pupils. • Flushed face. • Fever.

  25. Spinal Injuries May be caused by Vehicle Accidents. Heavy fall onto buttocks. Surfing accidents. Diving into shallow water. Skiing accidents. Incorrect lifting.

  26. Spinal Injuries Symptoms and Signs Severe back Pain. Lower limb numbness. Loss of power in limbs. Loss of sensation.

  27. Spinal Injuries Care for Head & Spinal Injuries If unconscious , carefully place in lateral position. Maintain an open airway. Minimise movement of Head & Spine. Monitor A.B.C. Control any Bleeding. Maintain Body Temperature.

  28. Slings Horizontal Triangular Bandage Arm Horizontal Across the Chest Point of Sling to Injured Shoulder Tie off on the Injured Side.

  29. Slings Elevated Triangular Bandage Arm Elevated to Opposite Shoulder. Point of Sling to Injured Shoulder Tie off on the uninjured Side.

  30. Slings Fractured Collar Bone Elevated Sling Tie Broad Bandage Across the Chest With Plenty of Packing Under the Arm

  31. Slings Fractured Ribs Broad Bandage Across the Chest Elevated Sling With Plenty of Packing Under the Arm

  32. Slings Collar and Cuff Form the Cuff Tie on the Injured Side.

  33. Slings Fractured Humerus Collar & Cuff (elevated) Two Narrow Bandages Below & Above the Fracture

  34. Eye Injuries Injuries to the eye can involve the bone and soft tissue surrounding the eye, or the eyeball itself. Blunt objects such as a cricket bat or a golf ball may injure the eye area or a smaller object mat penetrate the eyeball. Eye injuries can also be caused by heat, smoke, welding flash or chemicals which burn. Any eye injury should be treated as serious. Injuries which penetrate the eyeball or cause the eyeball to be removed from the socket are very serious and can cause blindness.

  35. Types of Eye Injuries

  36. Types of Eye Injuries Foreign Bodies Superficial Embedded / Penetrating Wash thoroughly (if unsuccessful, Pad both eyes. Seek medical aid. Lie flat. Pad both eyes. Reassure the person. Seek medical aid.

  37. Eye Injuries Symptoms and Signs of Eye Injuries May indicate surface or internal bleeding. PAIN REDNESS WATERING BLEEDING IMPARED VISION May indicate internal injury. REMEMBER:History may be more relevant than symptoms and signs

  38. Eye Injuries Irrigating the Eye Hold eyelids apart. Gently Flush with water for 20 Minutes. Seek Medical Aid.

  39. Eye Injuries Care for Eye Injuries Padding both Eyes Paper Cup used as protection for an eye injury. This method is used for penetrating wounds.

  40. Eye Injuries REMEMBER Never Touch the Window of the Eye

  41. Time for a little more practice. Slings

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