The Cultural Geography of Europe

1. The Cultural Geography of Europe

2. Northern Europe • Key Terms: • Immigrant • Refugee • Middle Ages • Feudalism • Reformation • Enlightenment • Industrial Revolution • Industrial Capitalism • Communism • Cold War • European Union • Welfare State • Romanticism

3. Northern Europe (cont) • Main Point: • Industrialized and successful economies • Population Patterns • Influenced by migration of distinct ethnic groups • Over 160 ethnic groups in Northern Europe • The people • British Isles- England, Wales, Scotland, N. Ireland • Most live in United Kingdom and Ireland • Early Celtic peoples- 2,500 to 3,000 • Last 100 years- immigrants from South Asia and West Indies

4. The People: Northern Europe (cont) • Refugees- flee home country for safety reasons • Many to GB during and after WWII • Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes • Different languages; common Germanic heritage • Similar ways of life • Eastern European influences • Reshaping of the Scandinavian cultures

5. Density and Distribution • U.K.- most densely populated • 60 million = 635 per sq. mi. • Scandinavia • Low pop. density; inhospitable terrain • Internal migration • Rural to urban • Job seekers • Most important cities drive economies • U.K.- London (7 million people) • Sweden- Stockholm (1.7 million people) • Denmark- Copenhagen (popular tourist destination)

6. Population Density

7. History and Government • Culture has fueled Northern Europeans to create powerful governments and economies • Earliest inhabitants from mainland Europe over 500,000 years ago • 55 BC to 1066 AD • Romans took Britain; brought Christianity • 500 to 1500 AD • Middle Ages • Feudalism- lords gave lands to vassals as a reward for their loyalty • 1500s • Reformation • Reduction of power of Catholic Church • Powerful church unwelcome

8. CHANGE • Enlightenment- rebirth of reason • 1600s- England issued their Bill of Rights • Industrial Revolution • Machinery = production • Industrial capitalism = profit used to expand companies • Poor class = communism = equality and ownership of factors of production • New Era • European Union • Free movement of goods, services, and workers to member nations

9. Culture: Northern Europe • Old traditions influence daily life • Language and Religion • Indo-European languages (Swedish and English) • Freedom of religion (mostly Protestant) • Education and Healthcare • Have the most educated populations in the world • 100% literacy rate • HC provided by the welfare state- gov’t funded • The Arts • Shakespeare shaped the literary world • 1700s- romanticism- writing to stir emotions and feeling • Denmark- Hans Christian Anderson

10. Western Europe • Key Terms: • Guest Worker • Crusades • Reparations • Holocaust • Realism • Impressionist

11. Western Europe • Idea: Western Europe influenced by its location, history, and revolutionary role in world events • Population Patterns: • Shaped by physical geography, migration, and world events • Welcomed many ethnicities • 1950s- guest workers- work in a foreign country to encourage economic growth

12. Density and Distribution • Mostly densely populated • Most live in cities • Germany- most populous- 82.5 million • 598 per sq. mi. • Netherlands and Belgium • Most densely populated b/c of small land areas • Trend • Migration to mostly urban areas

13. Famous Cities: Western Europe • Paris- capital of France • Cultural and Economic center • Brussels- Belgium • Commercial Center and administrative center of the European Union • Amsterdam • Capital of the Netherlands • Famed for its canals, art, and atmosphere of tolerance

14. Paris, Brussels, and Amsterdam

15. History and Government • Shaped by early civilization, revolutions, and world wars • Early People • Celts, Romans, Basques, and Frisians • Rise of Western Europe • Began with Charlemagne (786 to 814 AD) • Renaissance- 1400s = Greek and Roman revival • 1500s- Reformation

16. Change: Western Europe • Thirty Years’ War- France emerged victorious and powerful • 1700s- French Revolution (Enlightenment) • Prussia- rose to power in mid-1800s • WWI- 1914-1918 • Reparations- payments for damages • Combined with Germany taking all the blame for WWI led to WWII • WWII produced the Holocaust

17. A New Era: Western Europe • Post-WW2- • Germany divided into East (communist) and West (democratic) • 1950s • Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany • European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) • Would become the EU in 1990

18. CULTURE • Influenced by history, common values, and location as a crossroads of European cultures and values • Arts • Realism- accurate depiction of life and environment • Impressionism- immediate impressions of the world • Language and Religion • Indo European languages • Basques – Euskera • Religion- Catholic and Protestant

19. Culture (cont) • Education and Healthcare • 98-100% literacy rate • Education for all • HC funded by the gov’t • Family Life • High standards of living • Aging population • Generally more cultured

20. Realism and Impressionism

21. Southern Europe • Key Terms: • City-State • Renaissance • Main Idea: • Modernization and industrial powers with distinct cultural identities

22. Population Patterns • Unique cultures and history have shaped population patterns • People • Descendants of prior civilizations • Italians- from Etruscan and Roman descent • Spanish- Iberian descent • Catalonia- state of Andorra- origin of the Catalans • Greeks- descendants of Minoans and Mycenaean's

23. Southern Europe: Density and Distribution • 58 million = 505 per sq. mi. • Italy- most populous of Southern Europe • Spain- 208 per sq. mi. • Most live in coastal/industrial areas • History of emigration (moving away from home-country) • Today- immigration; people moving to urban areas

24. Prominent Cities • Rome • Capital of Italy • Chief commercial center • Athens • Capital of Greece • Center of culture • Madrid • Capital of Spain • Center of Arts and Finance • Milan • Italy; manufacturing, commerce, and finance • Venice • Italy: famous canals • Lisbon • Capital of Portugal

25. History and Government • Early civilizations, global trade, and world events shaped Southern Europe • Greek city-states (separate communities linked by language and culture) • Democracy • 27- 180 AD • Romans and Constantinople • 711- 1400s- Moors (Muslims) invaded Spain and remained there • Renaissance- 1300s and 1400s • Colonization- 1400s

26. Winds of Change • 1800s and 1900s • Nationalism • Spain and Portugal lost their colonies • Greece gained independence from Turkey • WWI and II • Political and economic instability • Today • Democratically elected governments • Member nations of the EU

27. Southern European Culture • Religion, the arts, and intellectual traditions have shaped societies and governments • Education • 95% literacy rate • Compulsory education • HC- varied; Spain has more doctors per person than anywhere in Europe • Greece- not too successful

28. Culture (cont) • Language and Religion • Romance languages: Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese • Italy, Spain, and Portugal = Roman Catholic • Greece- Greek Orthodox Church • Italy and Spain = growing Muslim populations • Arts and Leisure • Columns, Arches, and Domes • DaVinci (1452-1519) • Michelangelo (1475-1564) • Soccer, Bullfighting popular

29. Southern Europe: Pictures

30. Eastern Europe • Key Terms: • Balkanization • Ethnic Cleansing • Main Idea • Shaped by centuries of power struggles, and current growth in economic strength

31. Eastern Europe: Population Patterns • Physical geography, migration, political and ethnic struggles • People • Ethnically Slavic • Divided into Slavs, Belarusians, Slovaks • Central Eastern Europe • Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia • North Eastern Europe • Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia • Eastern Europe • Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria

32. Density and Distribution • Influenced by geography • Ukraine and Poland- fertile soil and ample water • Ukraine- 47.1 million people (202 per sq mi) • People live in towns and cities • Soviet end = REBIRTH

33. History and Government • Political, economic, and ethnic struggles have shaped the history and gov’t of Eastern Europe • Early People • Settled in Ukraine and Poland • 400s-500s- moved westward • 500s- Slavic Czechs to Bohemia • 700s- Moravia settled • 1400s- Ottoman Empire • Kiev most important settlement • Romania established- b/t the Carpathian Mts. & the Danube River

34. Union, Conflict, and Division • History of power struggles and division • Balkan Peninsula • Balkanization- division of a region into smaller regions that are hostile to each other • 1990s- ethnic cleansing- wipe out of one ethnic group by another • Kosovo Crisis

35. A New Age: Eastern Europe • 1950s to 1990s • Revolts against communism • Democratically elected governments • Today • Stronger ties to the EU

36. Culture in Eastern Europe • Religious and ethnic conflict have influenced culture • Language and Religion • Slavic- Polish and Czech • Baltic- Latvian and Lithuanian • Religion • Roman Catholicism • Islam • Eastern Orthodoxy

37. Culture: (cont) • Education and Healthcare • High literacy rates • Mandatory and free schooling • Arts and Leisure • Folk and classical music • Literature- works of Franz Kafka • Family Life • Extended family • Winter sports and swimming • Anything indoors (cold winters)