MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

1. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

2. What’s in this chapter?(Unit Objectives) • QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED • What motivates you to do something? • Can you figure out what motivates others and use it to your advantage? • What motives are learned and what are instinctive? • What motivations are needed to survive? • Why are we driven by the need to be accepted? • Are you an emotionally healthy person? • What things, events people can make us more emotional? • Is emotion an expression or is it something physical? • Are we better off controlling our negative emotions or releasing them? • Have you ever been without an emotion and it seemed strange?

3. What is motivation? • Motivation: a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

4. Theories of Motivation • Instinct Theory: (biological) • Sigmund Freud Psychosexual / Psychodynamic Theory of Personality and Human Motivation. • Sexual and inappropriate emotions drive us with instinctive urges • Drive Reduction Theory: (biological) • Need to stabilize internal physiological state or to reach homeostasis the maintenance of a steady internal state • Clark Hull’s (1930) Motivational Theory. Central State Theory (biological) Drives as states of the Brain : the hypothalamus

5. Theories cont… • Humanistic Theory: (humanistic) • Abraham Maslow’s (1970) Hierarchy of Human Needs. Arousal Theory: We need a certain amount of arousal to stay energized: our love of horror movies Rats were more curious in sections of maze that had mild electric shock Cognitive Motivational Theory(Julian Rotter, 1954):Perception of control over life’s events motivate human behaviors, specifically: • Locus of Control: • Internal locus of control (ILC). • External locus of control (ELC).

6. What are the Sources of Motivation? • Instincts: “unlearned (urges) wants” • Needs: “What I want” (can be learned) • Drives. “How I feel without it” • Motives. “Why I want it” (the reason) • Incentives. “What it means to me” or (What it does for me)

7. Motivational Concepts • Instinct: a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned or developed without practice • Biological pre-disposition • List 1 instinctive behavior that you would do every day. • Are you able to act on it or; are you sometimes frustrated by not being able to satisfy it?

8. A need is: “What I want” • a biological or psychological state of deprivation which usually triggers motivational arousal • List an instinctive need in which you feel deprived 1. Write it as ________=___________ • (what) (how I feel without it) Ex: hunger = food deprivation. • an unpleasant condition which requires satisfaction 2. On a scale of 1-10 How unpleasant is the need. 3. Hedonism: Is the drive “self-centered” Pleasure seeking

9. A drive is: “How I feel without it” • a biological or psychological state of arousal in an organism associated with needs: • i.e., needs give rise to drives. • conscious recognition of need (e.g., hunger) stomach growls, dizziness). • Name a psychological need and describe the state of arousal you are in when having that particular need. • ______________=______________ (remember it is a state of feeling unbalanced)

10. A motive is: “Why I want it” • cognitive: the way we think or emotional: the way we feel • that arouses organisms to action or behavior • Examples of motives are hope, expectations, desire, love, anger, beliefs. • Look at your instinctive or psychological need and think of the motive behind it. • _______=_______why_______

11. An incentive is: “What it does for me” a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior • can be perceived as a reward / reinforcement that increases the likelihood of (i.e., the motivation for) future behavior. • satisfies needs and reduces drives. • can also serve as a motive for behavior. • Look at the incentive to your need. • _______=________why _______ because_______ • need drive motive incentive

12. Instincts • Ex: Infant rooting and sucking, attachment • Supposedly 5,759 human instincts • aides in human survival

13. Freud’s Psychosexual Instinct Theory of Motivation • Freud: “Sexualanatomy/biology is destiny”. • The “fuels” of human motivational development and human personality: • Eros -- the life force. • Thanatos -- the death force. • Libido -- the sex drive that fuels eros. • Erogenous zones-- sensitive body areas

14. Needs

15. Types of Biological Needs Hunger. Sex. Thirst. Sleep. Types of Psychological Needs Intrinsic (internal needs) Motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1980). Extrinsic (external needs) Motivation (Deci & Ryan, 1980). Self-efficacy (proficiency needs) (Bandura, 1977; 1986). Social (social needs) Motivation (McClelland et al., 1953): Need for Achievement . Need for Affiliation ; affection Needs

16. Psychological NeedsIntrinsicMotivation: • A cognitive or emotional state(motive) that: • lieswithinthe individual. • i.e., the individual is SELF-motivated & SELF-reinforcing • is not dependent onexternalsources. • results in motivation from insideself: • e.g., fun,sincereinterest,&enjoyment.

17. Psychological NeedsExtrinsicMotivation: • Acognitiveoremotionalstate(motive)that: • also liesinsidethe individual, but... • is dependent onexternalsources: • the individual is OTHER-motivated for continuation of her/his behavior. • the individual is dependent on material reinforcement(s) for future behavior performance • results in motivation from outsideself: • e.g., trophies, ribbons, money, praise.

18. Psychological NeedsSelf-Efficacy • Bandura’s (1977, 1986) concept, defined as: • the belief that one possesses the ability to perform a behavior at a specified level • at a specific task. • belief in one’s own ability to succeed motivates future behavioral success / perform. • = higher intrinsic motivation.

19. Psychological NeedsSocial Motives • Include... • McClelland’s (1953)need for Achievement: • Competence, full potential • Traits/behaviors of individuals w/ high need for Achievement. • McClelland’s (1953)need for Affection: • love & belongingness. • Traits/behaviors of individuals w/ high need for Affection.

20. Kurt Lewin’s motivational theory • Approach-avoidance conflict that often results with drives: • There is a conflict between something you want to approach and something you want to avoid. • You want a car but you want to avoid the cost/time/work involved with owning one. • You want closeness/romance but you want to avoid the cost/time/work/sacrifice/heart break involved in maintaining a relationship. • Other types of conflict as well; approach-approach, avoidance-approach • Each conflict requires an individual to resolve conflicting desires to approach something desirable and avoid something undesirable.

21. Humanistic Theory • Humans are motivated to meet their full potential as a human being • Must start with most basic needs first and move on to higher needs

22. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied • then higher-level safety needs become active • then psychological needs become active Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

23. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Exemplified Apply Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to the following research: • Being unable to focus on attaining an education when one has to walk miles and miles each to attain clean water (top of the heavy loads and certain risk of illness from drinking contaminated water, it is estimated that over 40 billion work and school hours are lost every year in Africa to the act of fetching clean drinking water, Blood Water Mission). • Financial satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in poor nations than in wealthy ones.

24. SURVIVOR • Watch the film “Survivor” • find THREE examples of each need in Maslow’s Hierarchy • Explain how it is being used by a survivor • Example: -Safety need: Chris is worried that the shelter is not going to hold up in the rain. -Sam was worried that he was the next to be voted off at tribal council.

25. Drives • Result from needs

26. Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Motivation • Drive-Reduction Theory • the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

27. It was an urge. ... A strong urge, and the longer I let it go the stronger it got, to where I was taking risks to go out and kill people — risks that normally, according to my little rules of operation, I wouldn't take because they could lead to arrest." • — Edmund Kemper Notorious Serial Killer

28. Drives as Tissue Needs • Homeostasis - the constancy of internal conditions that the body must actively maintain • Drives may be an upset in homeostasis, inducing behavior to correct the imbalance • However, homeostasis cannot explain all drives

29. Types of Drives • Regulatory drives - helps preserve homeostasis (e.g., hunger, thirst, oxygen) • Nonregulatory drives - serve other purposes (e.g., sex, achievement)

30. Drives as States of the Brain • Central state theory of drives - • Central drive system - set of neurons in which activity constitutes a drive • Techniques for studying central drive systems include lesions and stimulation

31. Drives as States of the Brain • The hub of many central drive systems lies in the hypothalamus

32. Drive Associated with the HYPOTHALAMUS • HUNGER • SEX • Detects sex hormone levels & activates sexual arousal • THIRST

33. A surgical operation widely used in the 50s to perform prefrontal lobotomies for mental disease. Consisted of inserting a blade through the roof bone of one of the eye orbits using a hammer and local anesthesia. The movement of the blade severed important connections between the frontal areas and the rest of the brain.

34. PET images of the brain of a normal person (left), a murderer with deprived background (middle) and a murderer with non-deprived background (right). Areas in red and yellow show a higher metabolic activity, and in black and blue of lower metabolic activity. The brain of a sociopath (right) has a very low activity in many areas, but which is strikingly absent in the frontal area (upper part of the images).

35. Hunger • The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

36. Hunger Drive • Two areas of the hypothalamus, the lateral and ventromedial areas, play a central role in the hunger drive hypothalamus hypothalamus

37. Graded Textbook Assignment • Page 460-461 The Physiology of Hunger • With a partner explain the following studies. • Cannon and Washburn, 1912 • Lemonick, 2002 • Tsang, 1938 • McHugh and Moran, 1978 • Sakurai 1998 • Duggan and Booth, 1986 • Miller, 1995

38. hypothalamus hypothalamus Lateral Area • Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus brings on hunger • Stimulation causes drives in response to available incentives • Electrical lesions to hypothalamus cause a loss of all goal-directed behavior (laterally starve to death)

39. Ventromedial Area • The Ventromedial hypothalamus is in control of reducing hunger. • Lesions alter digestive and metabolic processes • Food is converted into fat rather than energy molecules, causing animal to eat much more than normal and gain weight

40. Hunger Drive • Other stimuli that act on the brain to increase or decrease hunger include • satiety signals from the stomach • signals indicating the amount of food molecules in the blood • leptin, a hormone indicating the amount of fat in the body

41. Hunger • Glucose • the form of sugar that circulates in the blood • provides the major source of energy for body tissues • when its level is low, we feel hunger….so increases insulin increases hunger indirectly

42. Hunger • Set Point • the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set • when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight • Basal Metabolic Rate • body’s base rate of energy expenditure

43. Motivation-Hunger

44. Taste PreferenceGraded Group Work cont. • Taste Preference; biology or culture? • Page 463 • Elliot Stellar, 1985 • Beauchamp, 1987 • Pliner and Pelchat, 1991

45. Hunger (cont’d.) • Eating and its measurement as a function of hunger: • aphagia-- undereating, possibly due to: • lesions in the LH. • norepinephrine. • stress-induced aphagia / anorexia. • hyperphagia -- overeating, possibly due to: • lesions in the VMNH. • serotonin. • stress-induced hyperphagia / binge eating.

46. Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa • when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve • usually an adolescent female • Bulimia Nervosa • disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

47. Women and body image socially/culturally influenced?

48. Apply concept of motivation based on: instinct, need, drive, motive, incentive

49. Women’s Body Images

50. Sex Drive • Defined as the “urge to merge” • Like hunger drive, sex drive is also regulated by the hypothalamus • Study: Sex offenders voluntarily took Depo Provera: (birth control) reduces sexual appetite to pre-pubertal boy • a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values