English Writing ( sentence structure ) 英文句型寫作 ( 一 )

1. English Writing (sentence structure)英文句型寫作 (一) 日四應二乙 黃麗莉老師

2. Unit one • Understanding Sentence Basics: • What Is a Sentence? • A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The words in a sentences are in a special order.

3. Unit one • Words, sentences, paragraphs, and essays are all related. • letter • word sentence

4. Unit one essay paragraph

5. Unit one • Activity 1 • Unscramble the words below to make correct English sentences. • 1. is not/very big/my family/. • 2. only /fourpeople/ there are/. • 3. very much/ I / my family/ love/. • 4. I/ two parents/ have/.

6. Unit one Activity 2 Writing Simple Sentences: A Diagnostic Write five to eight sentences about your family. Topic: My family 1._______________________________ 2._______________________________ 3. _______________________________ 4. _______________________________ 5. _______________________________

7. Unit one • In English, there are three ways to end a sentence: • 1. with a period (.) • 2. with a question mark (?) • 3. with an exclamation (!)

8. Unit one Using Capital Letters Proper Nouns In English, the name of a specific person, place, or thing always begins with a capital letter. These types of words are called proper nouns. Nelson Mandela is the name of a specific person. San Francisco is the name of a specific place. Mona Lisa is the name of a specific thing.

9. Unit one Common Nouns Common nouns do not begin with a capital letter. They begin with a lowercase letter. Some examples of Common nouns are cars, computer, garage, snow, and television.

10. Unit one • More Capital Letters • In English, many other kinds of words begin with capital letters. • 1. Days of the week • Incorrect: My birthday is on monday. • Correct: My birthday is on Monday. • 2. Months • Incorrect: The shortest month of the year is february. • Correct: The shortest month of the year is February.

11. Unit one • 3. Languages • Incorrect: Sarah speaks hindi. • Correct: Sarah speaks Hindi. • 4. Countries • Incorrect: My father is from thailand. • Correct: My father is from Thailand.

12. Unit one

13. Unit one • Activity 3 Geography Quiz • Unscramble the words below to write questions about geography. Then write the answers in complete sentences. Be careful to use capital letters and end punctuation. • 1. what /the capital/ of brazil/ is • Question: What is the capital of Brazil? • Answer : The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.

14. Unit one • 2. is/ what city/ the white house in • Question:________________________ • Answer: ________________________ • 3. what country/ the nile river in/ is • Question:________________________ • Answer: ________________________

15. Unit one • 4. what/ the biggest city/ in mexico/ is • Question:________________________ • Answer: ________________________ • 5. Where/are/ the andes mountains • Question:________________________ • Answer: ________________________

16. Unit one • Prepositions of Place ----- at, on, and in • At= an exact or specific locations • She works at First United Bank. • On= a street (without a house number) • The bank is on Great Street.

17. Unit one • In= a city, state, country or region • The bank is in San Diego. Exclamation Points Simple Fact: It is snowing. With surprise: It is snowing!

18. Unit two • Connecting Sentences • Conjunction (連接詞): 是用來連接單字,片語,或子句的單字. • 可分類為: • A. 對等連接詞 • B: 從屬連接詞

19. Unit two • A: 對等連接詞 (coordination conjunction): • for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) • B: 從屬連接詞 (subordination conjunction): • after, as, although, because, before, if…

20. Unit two • 單字對等連接詞：and, or, but, yet, nor等，其前後要平行對稱。 • 例：1. The people in my town are friendly and hardworking. (平行形容詞) • 2. Did she leave by train or by car? (平行介系詞片語) • 3. He studied hard, but he failed. (平行子句) .

21. Unit two • 從屬連接詞引導從屬子句: • 副詞子句：功用等於副詞，主要用以修飾動詞或整個子句. • (a) 表示“雖然”、“縱然 • 1. Even though it is hard work, I enjoy it. • 2. Although she has earned a lot of money, she is not happy.

22. Unit two • (b) 表達“因為”： • 例：1. Since you are going, I will go too. • 2. My sister didn’t go to school, for she had a flu. • 3. You should stop drinking in that it’s harmful to your health.

23. Unit two • (c) 表達“目的”： • 例：1. I prepared some food for him so that he wouldn’t get hungry. • 2. he worked hard in order that he can get a promotion.

24. Unit two • (d) 表達“條件”： 1. Unless you study harder, you will fail. • 2. If it rains, we will stay at home. • 3. Once she arrives, we will start the party.

25. Unit Three • Sentence Types: Simple and Compound • A: Simple Sentences • A simple sentence usually has one subject and one verb. • She studies hard everyday. • A simple sentence can have more than one subject and more than one verbs in these combinations:

26. Unit three • ●2 subjects + 1 verb: • Japan and Germany import oil from Saudi • Subjects + Verb • Arabia.

27. Unit three • ● 1 subjects + 2 verbs: • Japanimports oil and exports cars. Subject + Verbs

28. Unit three • ● 2 subjects + 2 verbs: • Japan and Germanyimport oil and export • Subjects + Verbs • cars.

29. Unit three • Compound Sentences • Acompound sentence is two sentences joined by a connecting word, such as and, but, or , so, nor, yet. A compound sentence has two subject- verb combinations.

30. Unit three • ★ Japanimports oil, and Saudi Arabia imports • Subject #1+ Verb# 1 subject #2 + verb # 2 • vegetables. • ★ Sue watchedTV, so she did not finishher • Subject #1+ Verb# 1 subject #2 + verb # 2 homework.

31. Unit three • John likes to eat Italian food, but he prefers to • Subject #1+ Verb# 1 subject #2 + verb # 2 • eat Chinese food. • Note: Compound sentences always use a comma (,) and a connecting word ( and, but ,so) to connecting two sentence.

32. Unit three • Activity 1 Combine two simple sentences into one sentence with a comma and a connecting word. Use and, but or so. • 1. Mary lives in Turkey. Abdul lives in Kuwait. • ____________________________________ • 2. The weather was cold. I stayed indoors. • ____________________________________

33. Unit three • 3. We go to school every day. We play tennis on weekends. • ____________________________________ • 4. John and Kelly are related. They are not brother and sister. • __________________________________ • 5. The restaurant manager was happy. He gave all the servers a raise. • _________________________________________

34. Unit three • Non-count nouns Count nouns • singular plural • money a dollar twenty dollars • ice a number numbers • information an ice cube ice cubes • clothing a slice of bread slices of bread • vocabulary an assignment three assignments • bread a blue shirt blue shirts • honest a word fifteen words

35. Unit4 Writing about the Past

36. Simple Past Tense When you talk about actions in the past, you use the simple past tense. Simple Past Tense of Be: Statements Verb be I was we were you were you (plural) were he/she/it was theywere Incorrect: You are at home yesterday. Incorrect: You was at home yesterday. Correct: You were at home yesterday.

37. Simple Past Tense of Be: Questions Verb be Was I…? Were we…? Were you…? Were you (plural)…? Was he/she/it…? Were they…? Incorrect: Was they students last year? Incorrect: they were students last year? Correct: Were they students last year?

38. Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs: Statements Verb liveI lived we lived you lived you (plural) lived he/she/it lived theylived Incorrect: Janet visit her parents yesterday. Correct: Janet visited her parents yesterday. Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs: Questions Verb live Did I live…? Did we live…? Did you live…? Did you (plural) live…? Did he/she/it live…? Did they live…? Incorrect: Do Daphne walk to the bus stop this morning? Incorrect: Did Daphne walked to the bus stop this morning? Correct: Did Daphne walk to the bus stop this morning?

39. Time Phrases with the Simple Past Tense We use certain words and phrases in a sentence to help show that something happened in the past. Include: last night, last week, this morning, yesterday, (two minutes) ago You can put these time phrases at the beginning or the end of a sentence. Avoid using them in the middle of a sentence. Incorrect: Jason last night washed his hair. Correct: last night Jason washed his hair. Incorrect: Did she yesterday see a movie? Correct: Did she see a movie yesterday?

40. Irregular Simple Past Tense Verbs Some verbs are irregular. This means that they take a different form in the simple past tense. Here are some common irregular verbs. Incorrect: I writed several novels last year. Correct: I wrote several novels last year.

41. Making Be Negative When you want to make a negative sentence with be, you use the word not. Not comes after the form of be. Verb be I was not we were not you were not you(plural) were not he/she/it was not they were not Using Contractions: It is important to remember that contractions might be too informal for academic writing. Ask your instructor if using contractions in this course is acceptable.

42. Activity 1 1.lived (negative)/. /in Johannesburg in 2002/ Carmen =Carmen did not live in Johannesburg in 2002. 2.Ling/engineering/. /studied (negative) =Ling did not study engineering. 3.last year/him/Humberto’s parents/visited (negative)/. = Humberto’s parents did not visit him last year. 4.large brains/had (negative)/. /Dinosaurs = Dinosaurs did not have large brains. 5.!/John/ helped (negative)/me/with my homework =John did not help me with my homework!

43. 6.Edda/the letter/. /sent (negative)/to her parents =Edda did not send the letter to her parents. 7.spoke (negative)/. /Karl/with his parents/last night =Karl did not speak with his parents last night. 8.I/my homework/did (negative)/. /yesterday =I did not do my homework yesterday. 9.Janiel and Yosemy/last night/. /left (negative)/the party early =Janiel and Yosemy did not leave the party early last night. 10.went (negative)/My brother/to the grocery store/last Saturday/. =My brother did not go to the grocery store last Saturday.

44. Compound Sentences with But The connector but indicates a contrast between the ideas it connects. It has two separate subject-verb combinations. Sue likes Japanese food, but her husband doesn’t. I enjoy reading books, but my sister enjoys watching TV. NOTE: Sometimes but is not a connector. It is preposition that means the same as the word except . We eat all of the food in restaurant but pasta.

45. Compound Sentences with And 1.And is used to join two (or more) words that are in the same grammar category (or group). Example A: And join two nouns and makes the subject of the sentence plural. My mother plants flower in the garden. My father plants flower in the garden. = My mother and my father plant flower in the garden. Example B: And join two nouns and makes the object of the sentence plural Paul drinks coffee in the restaurant. Paul drinks tea in the restaurant. = Paul drink coffee and tea in the restaurant.

46. Example C: And join two verbs in a sentence. Bruce sings at the party. Bruce dances at the party. = Bruce sing and dance at the party. Example D: And join two adjectives in a sentence. The food is cheap. The food is delicious. = The food is cheap and delicious.

47. 2.And is also used to from compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentence join by a comma and a connecting word. A compound sentence has two subject-verb combinations. Example A: Patch lives in Kaohsiung. Patch studies at Cheng Shiu University. =Patch lives in Kaohsiung, and She studies at Cheng Shiu University.

48. Compound Sentences with So The first subject-verb combination gives the “cause”, and the second subject-verb combination gives the “result”. She was sick , so she did not go to work. (cause) (result) Sally was cold, so she put on a sweater. (cause) (result)

49. NOTE: So has several other meanings. A comma is not possible with these other meanings. 1.So = an adverb that means very or extremely. The man is so cool. 2.So = a connector that means in order to; it is a short form for so that; there is no different in meaning She left the party early so she could catch the last train. =She left the party early so that she could catch the last train. 3.So = a comma word at the beginning of a statement or question to continue a conversation; not used in academic writing Carlos: We went to the beach all day yesterday. Maria: So what time did you finally get home last night?

50. Activity 2 Write C (for cause) or R (for result) 1a. C I was thirsty. b. R I drank three glasses of water. = I was thirsty, so I drank three glasses of water. 2a. R We did not play tennis. b. C It rained very hard. = It rained very hard, so we did not play tennis. 3a. R Mrs. Lopez took Ana to the doctor. b. C Ana was very sick. = Ana was very sick, so Mrs. Lopez took Ana to the doctor. 4a. C The audience loved the show. b. R The audience applauded wildly. = The audience loved the show, so they applauded wildly.