NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS

1. NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS America: Past and Present Chapter 1

2. Native American Histories before Conquest • 20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters become first American inhabitants • 14,000 years ago--Humans reach tip of South America. • These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases

3. Routes of the First Americans

4. The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture • Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat • Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species • Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role • 5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution • Crops include maize, squash, and beans • Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities

5. Mysterious Disappearances • Anasazi Culture—Chaco Canyon • Sophisticated irrigation • Well-built roads for transportation • Adena and Hopewell Peoples—Ohio Valley • Large ceremonial mounds • Extensive trade network • Cahokia—Mississippi Valley • Large ceremonial mounds • Far-flung trade network

6. Aztec Dominance • Aztecs settle valley of Mexico • Center of large, powerful empire • Highly organized social and political structure • Rule through fear and force

7. Eastern Woodland Cultures • Atlantic Coast of North America • Native Americans lived in smaller bands • Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering • Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers

9. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

10. A World Transformed • Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native cultures • The rate of change varied from place to place • Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival

11. Cultural Negotiations • Diversity of language groups, ethnicities • Define place in society through kinship • Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation • Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships

12. Confederacies of Eastern North America • Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie • Iroquois--Central New York • Powhattans--Chesapeake

13. Threats to Survival: Trade • Native Americans were eager for European trade • They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans • Commerce also influenced warfare patterns

14. Threats to Survival: Disease • Contact brings population decline among American Indians • Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease • smallpox • measles • influenza • Rate as high as ninety-five percent

15. West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies • Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures • Islam • Strong traditional beliefs • A history of empires • Mali • Ghana • Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans

16. Trade Routes in Africa

17. Beginnings of theSlave Trade • 15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa • Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves

18. How Many Slaves? • 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year • 18th century--5.5 million transported to the Americas • By 1860--ca. 11 million • Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas.

19. Europe on the Eve of Conquest • 10th Century --Leif Ericson settles “Vinland” • Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas settlement attained • rise of nation-states • spread of new technologies • spread of old knowledge. • 1492--Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization

20. Building New Nation-States • Population growth after 1450 • “New Monarchs” forge nations from scattered provinces • Spain • France • England • “Middle class” a new source of revenue • Powerful military forces deployed

21. Imagining a New World • Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization • Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella • 1492--Jews and Muslims expelled • Conquest of Canary Islands provides rehearsal for colonization

22. Myths and Reality • Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” • 1492--Initial voyage • Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China • 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient • Made possible Spanish dominion in America

23. The Conquistadores • Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands • By 1512--Major Caribbean islands decimated • By 1521--Cortés destroys Aztec Empire • 1539-42--de Soto explores Southeast • 1540-42--Coronado explores Southwest

24. Voyages of European Exploration

25. From Plunder to Settlement • Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors • Large land grants • Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute • Appointed officials answer only to Crown • Catholic Church • Protects Indian rights • Performs mass conversions • By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World • Unmarried males intermarry • Mixed-blood population emerges

26. The French Claim Canada • 1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec • French Empire eventually includes St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi • French Crown makes little effort to foster settlement • Fur trade underpins economy • Indians become valued trading partners

27. The English Enter the Competition • Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) • Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

28. Birth of English Protestantism • English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation • 1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany • 1536--John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva • Reformation pits European Protestants against Catholics

29. The English Reformation • Tudor monarchs bring political unity • Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547) strengthens Crown • Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) • Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cuts short English Catholic Counterreformation • Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidates English Reformation

30. Militant Protestantism • Lutheran Reformation • God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests • Justification by faith alone for salvation • Calvinist Reformation • John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence • Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation • Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe • France—Huguenots • Scotland—Presbyterians • England—Puritans

31. Woman in Power • Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch • Elizabeth introduces Via Media • Protestant Doctrine • “Catholic” Ritual • Ends religious turmoil in England • Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England • England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers

32. Religion, War, and Nationalism • Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood • Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes • Elizabeth's subjects raid Spain's American empire • 1588-- Spanish Armada defeated

33. Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement • English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World • To the English the Irish were wild and barbaric • They would view Native Americans the same way

34. English Conquest of Ireland • Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization • Irish viewed as backward • English under Elizabeth seize Irish land

35. English Brutality • English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile • English brutally crush frequent Irish resistance such as massacre of women and children • English adventurers compare Native Americans with “wild” Irish

36. An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke • Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 • He named the region Virginia after the Virginia Queen • The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 • The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery

37. Campaign to Sell America • By 1600 no English settlements in New World • Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American colonization • Claimed that England needs American colonies