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Unit 6 THE INTERNET

Unit 6 THE INTERNET. Skills focus Reading locating key information in complex sentences Writing reporting findings from other sources: paraphrasing writing complex sentences. Vocabulary focus synonyms, replacement subjects, etc. for sentence level paraphrasing. 6.1 Vocabulary.

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Unit 6 THE INTERNET

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  1. Unit 6 THE INTERNET

  2. Skills focus Reading • locating key information in complex sentences Writing • reporting findings from other sources: paraphrasing • writing complex sentences Vocabulary focus • synonyms, replacement subjects, etc. for sentence level paraphrasing

  3. 6.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in the blue box. 1 Copy and complete the table. Put the words in one or more boxes, in each case. 2 Add affixes to make words for the empty boxes. (Some will not be possible.) 3 What is the special meaning of each word in marketing and business? 4 Find a synonym for each word in the blue box.

  4. 6.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in the box. (n) web browser, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox (n) a program that allows you to view information on the Internet browser browser - (n) frequently used data which is stored locally and periodically updated, rather than being downloaded fresh each time cache cache cached (n) stored data (n) a code or instruction which makes it possible to transfer information between two points, (e.g., across a network) connection connect connected (n) link (n) a process shared across two or more hosts (e.g., as in peer-to-peer networking) (n) sharing (as in file sharing) distribution distribute distributed

  5. 6.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in the box. (n) server, remote computer (n) the computer on which a website is located or hosted host host hosted (n) a piece of text which, when clicked on, opens another page or file hypertextual (n) link hypertext - (n) transaction* (n) communication (n) exchange of data between two devices on the Internet interact interaction interactive (n) the different parts of a protocol which carry out specific functions layer layer layered (n) level (n) code connecting two parts of a program, website, etc.; from a user’s perspective, a piece of text which, when clicked on, opens another page or file link link linked (n) hyperlink * transact (v) and transaction (n) = interact(ion) between people

  6. 6.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in the box. (n) bundle (the term for a directory or file in some systems) packet package packaged (n) unit of data sent across the Internet (n) where computers on a network have equal status; used in term peer-to-peer (P2P) networking peer - - (n) equal request request requested (v) to ask for specific data to be sent (v) ask for (n) answer (received electronically) (n) a signal or data transfer which is sent as a result of a request response respond responsive scale (up/down) scaled (up/down) scale (v) to increase/reduce (e.g., a system) in size based on user requirements (v) increase/decrease

  7. 6.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in the box. (n) a centralized computer (program) which answers requests for data from a client using a network server serve - (n) host (n) a program used to feed pages to search engines spider spider spidered (n) webcrawler stream stream streaming (v) to transfer multimedia data across the Internet (v) flow (n) period during which a user is browsing a website visit visit visited (n) session

  8. 6.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in the blue box. 5 Group the words in the box according to their stress pattern. cache, host, link, peer, scale, stream browser, layer, packet, server, spider, visit request, response hypertext connection distribution, interaction

  9. B Study Figure 1 on the opposite page. Discuss these questions using words from Exercise A. 1 What do the screenshots show? 6.1 Vocabulary 1 The first screenshot is a video-sharing application running in a web browser. It allows users to interact with the videos so they can be played or uploaded and downloaded. The second is a peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing application.

  10. B Study Figure 1 on the opposite page. Discuss these questions using words from Exercise A. 2 What are the similarities and differences between the two images? 6.1 Vocabulary 2 They both show methods by which files can be distributed across the Internet. The first method is interactive. It uses a server to serve files which are displayed in a user’s browser. When a user visits the video hosting site and clicks on a link to play or download a video file, the data is streamed across the Internet to them. The text descriptions and hypertext links to the videos allow spiders from search engines to index the files so users can find them. The second method is not interactive. Files and parts of files are distributed among many different peers. Each peer can act as a server as well as a client. When users want to download a file they look up a special server called a tracker to tell them which peers have copies of the file. The P2P application requests portions of the file from other peers and puts the data packets together to recreate the file.

  11. C Study Figure 2 on the opposite page. 1 What does the graph show? 6.1 Vocabulary 1 The graph shows real and projected changes, as at 2010, in the proportion of data transferred across the Internet by different protocols between 2007 and 2014.

  12. C Study Figure 2 on the opposite page. 2 What connection is there between Figure 1 and Figure 2? 6.1 Vocabulary 2 The two images in Figure 1 are examples of interfaces used for the transfer of the data shown in Figure 2. The first – the video website, uses HTTP for the web pages and streaming protocols for the video. The second uses P2P protocols to transfer files.

  13. C Study Figure 2 on the opposite page. 3 What use could be made of the data for each of the protocols? 6.1 Vocabulary 3 Accept any reasonable answers. HTTP is used for web pages; P2P is used for a range of file transfers between users; VoIP (Voice over IP) is used for telephone calls; gaming is used for a range of interactive games; and streaming is mainly used for audio or video. Other protocols include e-mail and instant messaging (IM).

  14. D Student A has written about changes in data transfers over the Internet, but there are some mistakes. Change the blue words, so the sentences are true. 6.1 Vocabulary 1 The proportion of P2P traffic has risen considerably since 2007. 2 By 2010, data using VoIP protocols was decreasing rapidly. 3 HTTP usage decreased sharply between 2007 and 2009. 4 Gaming has shrunk as a proportion of traffic overall. 5 Streaming more than halved between 2007 and 2010. 6 P2P ceased to be the most common protocol on the Internet in 2010. fallen increasing gradually grown doubled continued

  15. E Student B has also written about changes in data transfers over the Internet. Match each sentence with a corrected sentence from Exercise D. 6.1 Vocabulary a In 2010, the P2P protocol was still used more than any other protocol on the Internet. 1 The proportion of P2P traffic has fallen considerably since 2007. b After 2007, transfers of data using P2P protocols declined significantly. 2 By 2010, data using VoIP protocols was decreasing rapidly. c The ratio of data using gaming protocols has increased relative to overall traffic on the Internet. 3 HTTP usage decreased sharply between 2007 and 2009. 4 Gaming has grown as a proportion of traffic overall. d The proportion of Internet data using streaming protocols in 2009 was over twice as much as it had been in 2007. 5 Streaming more than doubled between 2007 and 2010. e From 2007 to 2009, there was a gradual decline in the use of the HTTP potocol. f Beginning in 2010, there was rapid growth in VoIP data traffic. 6 P2P continued to be the most common protocol on the Internet in 2010.

  16. 6.1 Vocabulary F Look at Figures 3a and 3b on the opposite page. 1 What do the two diagrams show? 2 Add the missing words to the spaces in 3a and 3b, using words from the blue box and your own knowledge.

  17. 6.1 Vocabulary F Look at Figures 3a and 3b on the opposite page. 1 What do the two diagrams show? The two diagrams show different ways of transferring data across the Internet between a web browser, which is a client, and a web server. 2 Add the missing words to the spaces in 3a and 3b, using words from the blue box and your own knowledge. 3a: User clicks hyperlink Browser makes HTTP request Web server with server-side scripting HTML data 3b:Ajax updates page using data from cache Cache updates with data from server HTTP request XML data

  18. 6.1 Vocabulary F Look at Figures 3a and 3b on the opposite page. 3 Write a description of what is happening at each stage, indicated by the number. 3a: 1 user clicks link on web page 2 browser makes HTTP request for new page 3 web server requests data from database 4 server returns HTML data to web page 3b: 1 user clicks hyperlink 2 Ajax updates web page using data from cache 3 browser sends HTTP request for new data 4 server sends XML data to browser 5 cache updated using data from server

  19. F Look at Figures 3a and 3b on the opposite page. 4 Identify the similarities and differences between the two diagrams. 6.1 Vocabulary Both show a web browser (client) requesting data from a web server. In 3a, the page is updated using data which is sent directly by the server. In 3b, the page is updated using data stored on the page. This data is automatically updated by calling the server.

  20. A Discuss these questions. 6.2 Reading 1 What does Figure 1 show? 2 What advantages does this form of network have when transferring data across the Internet? 3 What types of files might people transfer over this type of network? 4 What reasons might there be for the decline in this type of data as a proportion of Internet traffic?

  21. B Look at the illustration, the title, the introduction and the first sentence of each paragraph on the opposite page. 6.2 Reading 1 What will the text be about? A cash cow is a product which has a large market share in a stable market (i.e., one that is no longer growing). 2 Using your ideas from Exercises A and B1, write some research questions. See text.

  22. 6.2 Reading C Read the text. Does it answer your questions?

  23. D Study the highlighted sentences in the text. Find and underline the subject, verb and object or complement in each sentence. 6.2 Reading See Skills bank.

  24. Skills bank Finding the main information Sentences in academic and technical texts are often very long. Example: Following the debate at a conference organized by Tim O'Reilly in 2004, a number of Internet theorists agreed that the term Web 2.0 was useful in explaining the changes from a web where users only received data, to one where they exchanged it. You often don’t have to understand every word, but you must identify the subject, the verb and the object, if there is one. For example, in the sentence above, we find: subject = the term Web 2.0 verb = was complement= useful

  25. Skills bank Finding the main information Remember! You can remove any leading prepositional phrases at this point to help you find the subject, e.g., Following the debate … You can also remove any introductory phrase, e.g. a number of Internet theorists agreed that … You must then find the main words which modify the subject, the verb and the object or complement. In the sentence above we find: Whatterm? = Web 2.0 Why useful? = to explain the change from users only receiving data, to users exchanging data

  26. Skills bank Finding the main information Ellipsis Sometimes, if the meaning is clear, words are implied rather than actually given in the text. Examples: There are many ways (in which) data can be transferred. The service had a number of key features which allowed users to comment on diary entries from other people, (which allowed users to) make their entries public or private, and (which allowed users to) add other users as their friends.

  27. D Study the highlighted sentences in the text. Find and underline the subject, verb and object or complement in each sentence. highlighted 6.2 Reading to identify its key technologies and services. The best way to analyze Web 2.0 is the creation of static websites. is The first development we should look at the development of dynamic websites. The next stage to consider is PHP (Pre-Hypertext Processor *), … One of the most popular languages was it easy ** to move data between active web pages and databases, … Server-side scripting languages made the way in which users could access visual and audio-visual material. altered Flash fundamentally on the use of peer-to-peer technologies for accessing audio and video content. An important effect of these technologies was

  28. E Two students paraphrased part of the text. 1 Which part of the text is it? 2 Which paraphrase is better? Why? 6.2 Reading Student B The ability, with Web 2.0, to view pictures and video online, without having to download files, marked a major advance. Originally introduced in 1996, Flash started out as a free animation program which could be run in a web browser. When a new release of Flash appeared in 2003, which included video streaming, the plug-in was downloaded by a large number of web users. YouTube, a web-based application which allowed users to upload and view videos, was launched in 2005. Student A An important Web 2.0 development was that users could now view video and images directly, using their web browser. Introduced in 1996 as a web-based animation program, Flash ran as a freely available browser plug-in or add-on. In 2003,when a version of Flash was released which included video streaming, a very high proportion of web users downloaded the plug-in. The first video was uploaded to YouTube, a web-based video sharing application, in 2005.

  29. E Two students paraphrased part of the text. 1 Which part of the text is it? 2 Which paraphrase is better? Why? 6.2 Reading 1 The sentences appear in the first seven sentences of paragraph 4. 2 Student B’s paraphrase is better, because it uses fewer words from the original text and uses different sentence structures.

  30. 6.2 Reading F Work in groups. Write a paraphrase of a different part of the text. See Vocabulary bank.

  31. Reporting findings Vocabulary bank You cannot use another writer’s words unless you directly quote. Instead, you must restate or paraphrase. There are several useful ways to do this:

  32. Reporting findings Vocabulary bank When reporting findings from one source, you should use all the methods above. Example:

  33. Reporting findings Vocabulary bank Important When paraphrasing, you should aim to make sure that 90% of the words you use are different from the original. It is not enough to change only a few vocabulary items: this will result in plagiarism. Example:

  34. A Study the words in box a from the text in Lesson 6.2. 1 What part of speech are they in the text? 2 Find a word in the text with a similar meaning to each word. adj rvolutionary (1) 6.3 Extending skills n (C) release (4) n (C, U) change (1) (4) adj incremental (4) stage (3) n (C) adj fixed (2) active (3) adj select (3) v (T) package (3) n (C)

  35. B Complete the summary with words from Exercise A. The term Web 2.0 comes from a convention in numbering new software _______________ . If________________ are___________________ , the number after the decimal is changed. If they are_________________ ,the number before is changed. The development in which websites changed from _________to _____________ was very important in the move to Web 2.0. Particularly important were______________ such as PHP, which could create web pages by__________________ data from databases. 6.3 Extending skills versions/releases evolutionary/incremental transitions/changes radical/revolutionary static/fixed dynamic/active products/packages extracting/selecting

  36. 6.3 Extending skills C Study the words in box b. 1 What is each base word and its ICT meaning? 2 How does the affix change the part of speech? 3 What is the meaning in the text in Lesson 2? develop (v, T) – to improve something by expanding, enlarging or refining ~ment = changes tonoun form improvements change which happens due to major developments revolution (n, C) – a huge change which happens in a short time ~ary = adjective ending text marked up to allow greater flexibility hyper- = above, higher than normal text (n, U/C) – written word interactive (adj) – involving user in exchange of information ~ity = changes to noun interaction between user and website

  37. 6.3 Extending skills C Study the words in box b. 1 What is each base word and its ICT meaning? 2 How does the affix change the part of speech? 3 What is the meaning in the text in Lesson 2? -ing = gerund ending; the process of creating an index index enabling web pages to be visible to search engines index (n, C) – list/collection of information enables a web page to be refreshed without reloading page completely synchronous (adj) – at the same time a- = makes the meaning opposite fresh (adj) – new re- = do something again to reload a web page load (v, T) – to put something on a carrier, or on a system to open a web page again re- = do something again

  38. D Study sentences A–E on the opposite page. 1 Copy and complete Table 1. Put the parts of each sentence in the correct column. D As well as fully supporting developments such as bulletin boards, server-side scripting made possible services such as Wikipedia. A By 2010, Web 2.0 services which supported online video viewing were causing a drop in P2P traffic. 6.3 Extending skills B Three of the many ways in which data transfer has speeded up will be described here. E Having promoted Flash as an essential plug-in, by 2003 its owners saw a huge increase in the proportion of browsers using it. C Ajax also runs mobile web applications which are so useful that they have played an important part in the way in which mobile use has developed.

  39. D Study sentences A–E on the opposite page. 1 Copy and complete Table 1. Put the parts of each sentence in the correct box. 6.3 Extending skills Three of the many ways will be described in which data transfer has speeded up here 1. … which are so useful 2. … that they have played an important part in the way 3. … in which mobile use has developed. mobile web applications runs Ajax also

  40. D Study sentences A–E on the opposite page. 1 Copy and complete Table 1. Put the parts of each sentence in the correct box. 6.3 Extending skills As well as fully supporting developments such as bulletin boards, … server-side scripting made possible services such as Wikipedia. fully a huge increase in the proportion of browsers using it. Having promoted Flash as an essential plug-in, … saw its owners by 2003

  41. D Study sentences A–E on the opposite page. 2 Rewrite the main part of each sentence, changing the verb from active to passive or vice versa. The drop in P2P traffic was caused by Web 2.0 services. 6.3 Extending skills I/the author will describe three (of the many) ways (to transfer data). Mobile web applications are also run by Ajax. Services such as Wikipedia were made possible by server-side scripting. A huge increase was seen (by the owners) in the proportion of browsers which used Flash.

  42. E Look at the ‘Other verbs’ column in Table 1. 1 How are the clauses linked to the main part of the sentence? Sentences A–C use relative clauses. D and E use participle clauses. (As well as supporting; Having promoted). 2 In sentences A–C, what does each relative pronoun refer to? A which = Web 2.0 services B which = ways C (1) which = mobile web applications; (2) which = way 6.3 Extending skills

  43. E Look at the ‘Other verbs’ column in Table 1. 3 Make the clauses into complete sentences. A Web 2.0 services supported online video viewing. B Data transfer has speeded up in many ways. C (1) Mobile web applications are so useful. (2) Mobile web applications have played an important part. (3) Mobile use has developed through mobile web applications. D Server-side scripting supports developments such as bulletin boards. E The owners of Flash promoted the product as an essential plug-in. 6.3 Extending skills

  44. A Make one sentence for each box on the right, using the method given in bold. Include the words in red. Write the sentences as one paragraph. Open Diary launched a service which made it possible to create an online diary. Open Diary made it freely available to anybody. relative, passive In 1998 6.4 Extending skills Users could comment on other people’s diary entries. Users could decide whether to make their entries public or private. Users could add other users as their friends. active, ellipsis Key features Open Diary laid the foundations of blogging. Open Diary pioneered key features of social networking. participle As a result

  45. A Make one sentence for each box on the right, using the method given in bold. Include the words in red. Write the sentences as one paragraph. Possible answer: In 1998, a service was launched by Open Diary, which made it possible for anybody to create an online diary for free. The service had a number of key features which allowed users to comment on the diary entries from other people, make their entries public or private, and add other users as their friends. As a result, having laid the foundations of blogging, Open Diary also pioneered key features of social networking. 6.4 Extending skills

  46. B Study the notes on the opposite page which a student made about a case study. Write up the case study. Include the ideas from Exercise A. 1 Divide the notes into sections to make suitable paragraphs. 2 Decide which ideas are suitable topic sentences for the paragraphs. 3 Make full sentences from the notes, joining ideas where possible, to make one continuous text. 6.4 Extending skills

  47. B Study the notes on the opposite page which a student made about a case study. Write up the case study. Include the ideas from Exercise A. background to social networking services (SNS)? ▪When did SNS begin? ▪ Friendster – first recognizable SNS – March 2003 ▪ Acquired patents on parts of SN technology ▪ MySpace – later 2003→established company, used Frstr. as model ▪ Facebook launched 2004 → initially limited to US universities ∴ seen as more exclusive 6.4 Extending skills rapid growth of SNS = issue ▪ Frstr. – launch + 3 mths. = 3m users ▪ By 2005 Frstr. = 60m page views per day ▪ Facebook – Nov 2008 = 200m unique visitors & 2010 > 500m users (co. data) ▪ MySpace – Sept 2010 > 120m unique users per month (co. data)

  48. B Study the notes on the opposite page which a student made about a case study. Write up the case study. Include the ideas from Exercise A. care needed in planning architecture ▪ e.g., Frstr. tech. unable to meet demand in early years ∴ loss of users to other services ▪ MySpace also performance issues from speed of growth ▪ Facebook – well-designed architecture ∴ no difficulties in scaling 6.4 Extending skills future of SNS ▪ No. of users continues to grow ▪ Large nos. of new SNS ▪ SNS replace search for info → problems for Google ▪ Privacy and security of user data = issue for future

  49. B Study the notes on the opposite page which a student made about a case study. Write up the case study. Include the ideas from Exercise A. 3 Make full sentences from the notes,joining ideas where possible, tomake one continuous text. 6.4 Extending skills Possible answer: Where and how did the social networking services (SNS) we know today begin? The first recognizable SNS was Friendster, which was established in March 2003. It acquired patents for key areas of social networking technologies. It was followed later in 2003 by MySpace, which used Friendster as a model. Facebook was launched in 2004 and was initially limited to US universities, so it was seen as more exclusive.

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