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Cell Energy Processes: Harvesting and Utilizing Free Energy

Explore cellular energy processes, including photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Learn how cells capture and utilize energy from external sources to power vital functions. Understand catabolic pathways, redox reactions, and the importance of ATP production.

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Cell Energy Processes: Harvesting and Utilizing Free Energy

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  1. 2/5 Daily Catalyst Pg. 78 Energy 1. In a certain species of flowering plant, the blue allele B is dominant to the white allele, b. A student carried out a cross between a blue flowered plant and a white flowered plant. When planted, the 172 seeds that were produced from the cross matured into 92 plants with blue flowers and 75 plants with white flowers. Calculate the chi squared value for the null hypothesis that the blue flowered parent was a hybrid for the flower color gene. 2. Describe the effect of nondisjunction.

  2. 2/5 Daily Catalyst Pg. 78 Energy • 2. Describe the effect of nondisjunction. • The effect of nondisjunction is homologous chromosomes fail to separate which can lead to multiple chromosome sets in one cell or lack of chromosomes in another cell.

  3. 2/5 Class Business Pg. 78 Energy Daily Catalyst Class Business Blood Type Lab Energy notes Homework: Read/outline concept 9.2 (page. 165-167) and complete concept check 9.2 on page 79.

  4. Finish the blood type lab Time: 15 minutes

  5. 2/5 Objectives WE WILL BE able to construct explanations of the mechanisms and structural features of cells that allow organisms to capture, store or use free energy.

  6. Overview Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks.

  7. The giant panda obtains energy for its cells by eating plants and some animals feed on other organism that eat plants.

  8. Overview: Life Is Work • Living cells • How do cells harvest the chemical energy stored in organic molecules to make ATP?

  9. Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesisin chloroplasts Organicmolecules CO2 + H2O + O2 Cellular respirationin mitochondria ATP powers most cellular work Heatenergy How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration linked to one another?

  10. Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels Organic compounds must be broken down with the help of enzymes to release energy. Some of the energy will be used to do work, the rest is dissipated into heat. Cellular Respiration is the most efficient catabolic pathway.

  11. Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP • Key Point #1: Catabolism- • Break down complex molecules into simpler forms and release energy • Exergonic • EX-exit (heat exits the system)

  12. Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP • Cellular respiration • Is the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be processed (as fuel), but we will focus on glucose.

  13. The infamous cellular respiration equation 6O2 C6H12O6 6CO2 6H2O ATP

  14. Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction • Catabolic pathways yield energy • How? • Key Point #2: The transfer of electrons in reactions release energy stored in organic molecules and this energy is used to make ATP (yes, more energy) .

  15. The Principle of Redox • Key Point #3: Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron transfers. • AKA Redox rxns

  16. 2/6 Daily Catalyst Pg. 78 Energy 1. In corn (Zea mays), purple kernels (R) are dominant to yellow kernels (r). Cobs from the offspring of a cross between a purple plant and yellow plant were used in a lab. A student counts 329 purple and 299 yellow kernels on one cob. Calculate the chi-squared value for the null hypothesis that the purple parent was heterozygous for purple kernels. Give your answer to the nearest hundredth. 2. A population of butterflies found in Madagascar is polymorphic. There are two varieties of the coloring. The trait for a yellow stripe on the wing is dominant over having no stripe. In recent years the island was struck by several powerful storms and the butterfly population was drastically reduced. Now the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the trait for having no stripe on the wing is 21% of the population. What will the frequency of the allele for no stripe be next year?

  17. 2/6 Class Business Pg. 78 Energy • Mini energy test on Thursday • Review packet over Mardi Gras break • Quiz #19 on Tuesday • Interims • Extra Credit due Monday

  18. 2/5 Agenda Pg. 78 Energy Daily Catalyst Class Business Finish energy notes Glycolysis notes Timed 10 (12:50) Homework: Read/outline concept 9.3 (page. 165-167) and complete concept check 9.3 on notebook page 80.

  19. 2/6 Objective WE WILL BE able to construct explanations of the mechanisms and structural features of cells that allow organisms to capture, store or use free energy.

  20. Redox Mnemonic • KP#3 continued… • OIL RIG • Oxidation • A substance loses electrons, or is oxidized • OXIDATION IS LOSING (OIL) • Reduction • A substance gains electrons, or is reduced • REDUCTION IS GAINING (RIG)

  21. Example

  22. becomes oxidized(loses electron) Na + Cl Na+ + Cl– becomes reduced(gains electron) Examples of redox reactions

  23. Key Point #4: • The electron donor is the reducing agent because it caused reduction (gain of electron). • The electron acceptor is the oxidizing agent because it caused oxidation (loss of electron)

  24. becomes oxidized C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy becomes reduced Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration • The REDOX reaction most important to us to cellular respiration (CR) • Key Point #5: During cellular respiration: • Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

  25. Carbohydrates and fats are reservoirs of electrons associated with hydrogen. • Why doesn’t glucose immediately combine with oxygen? • It has an activation barrier! • Enzymes lower this barrier. More to come on this next week!

  26. Glucose is broken down by a series of steps, each with its own catalyst. • A hydrogen atom is passed along (one electron and one proton)

  27. Who babysits the hydrogen's? • Key Point #6: NAD+ • A coenzyme • Electron acceptor • Oxidizing agent • Functions to trap electrons and shuttles them around

  28. 2 e– + 2 H+ 2 e– + H+ NAD+ NADH H Dehydrogenase O O H H Reduction of NAD+ + + 2[H] C NH2 NH2 C (from food) Oxidation of NADH N N+ Nicotinamide(reduced form) Nicotinamide(oxidized form) CH2 O O O O– P O H H OH O O– HO P NH2 HO CH2 O N N H N H N O H H HO OH Figure 9.4 • Electrons from organic compounds • Are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme

  29. Key Point #7: NADH, the reduced form (gained an hydrogen) of NAD+ • Passes/releases the electrons to the electron transport chain (mitochondria)

  30. The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview • Cellular Respiration has 3 stages: • Glycolysis • The citric acid cycle • Oxidative phosphorylation

  31. Take a two minute break and get ready to talk about Glycolysis!

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