Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution Thomas Baffuto Pleasantville High School

2. Why Britain First? • Favorable Natural Conditions • Coal • Iron • waterways

3. Why Britain First? • Stable Government • Excess capital from world trade • Strong military to protect trade • Large food supply/ agricultural revolution

4. Agricultural Revolution

5. Agricultural Revolution

6. Agricultural Revolution • Improved methods of farming • Dutch/Dikes/use of fertilizers • Townshed/crop rotation • Jethro Tull/Seed drill • Enclosure movement/more efficient farms/high profits/experimentation/less workers needed • Selective breeding

7. Population Explosion

8. Why was there a population Explosion in the 1700s? • Declining death rates • increased birth rates • Increase in food production • Better health why? More food lead to healthy women= healthy babies • Better hygiene and sanitation • Improved medical care

9. New technology

10. New Technology • Energy/steam engine/Thomas Newcomen • Improved Iron/smelting iron/Abraham Darby/better quality, less expensive

11. Changes in the Textile Industry • 1st industry: Textiles • Cotton cloth from India • Putting out system/slow, inefficient • John Kay: Flying Shuttle • James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny • Richard Arkwright: Water Frame to speed up spinning. • Factory system workers and machines brought together to produce large quantities of goods

12. Revolution in Transportation • Building of turnpikes/private roads/tolls • George Stephenson: steam powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails • Liverpool to Manchester 1st • Robert Fulton:steam boat/ 5 miles an hour

13. Importance of railroads • Spurred industrial growth • Cheap method of transportation • Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs • Boosted agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport goods to distant cities. • Distant jobs • Nationalism • Resorts in country sides

14. Living conditions • Rapid urbanization • Masses of people migrated to cities • Cities not prepared • Tenements: multistory buildings broken into apartments • No running water, no heat, no sewage or sanitation system • Fire hazard • Frequent epidemics/poor ventilation/Cholera

15. Working conditions • Industrialization creates new jobs • Low pay/long hours • Factories dirty and unsanitary • Poor lighting/no heat/poor ventilation • Workers trying to keep pace with machines/no safety devices • Harsh and severe discipline • Child labor/women workers

16. Slide #1:Urbanization • As fewer workers were needed on the farm, workers moved to the cities to find jobs in factories. Overcrowding and pollution increased. POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE?

17. Slide #2: Rise of a Working Class • In the cities, workers often found themselves working long hours for low pay and in dangerous factories. Many factory owners became rich while workers did not. www.historywiz.com POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

18. Slide #3: Rise of a Working Class • There was a wide difference in wealth between the factory owners (haves) and the workers (the have nots) • POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

19. Slide #4: New Roles for Children • While children used to work on the farm, many now worked in dangerous conditions in factories. They were prized by factory owners because they could fit into tight spots and would not complain. • www.historywiz.com POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

20. Slide #5: New Roles for Children POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

21. Slide #6:New Roles for Women • While women did chores on the farm, they were also able to take care of children during the day. During the Industrial Revolution, women would either work in the dangerous factories or stay home and take care of the children, thus becoming very dependent on men. POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

22. Slide #7: New Roles for Women POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

23. Child Labor • 10 year boys • Spinning machines • Barefoot • 60 to 72 hour work week • Fix broken threads on the bobbins POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

24. Child Labor • 9 yrs old • 4 sides • 48 cents POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

25. Francis Lane: 8yrs/pneumonia twice POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

26. Coal Miners POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

27. Coal Dust POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

28. 10 – 12 year old miners POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

29. Coal Mine driver: 11 yrs old POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

30. Fishery 3:30am to 5:30pm POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

31. 8 years old POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

32. London Factory Girls POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

33. Indiana factory 9pm POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

34. Glass factory 10 yrs old POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

35. 5 yrs old / trolley jumper POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

36. Glass factory 2 POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

37. The Working Class • Few ties to community in the city/lost, bewildered • Weavers and other skilled craftsmen resisted the new labor saving machines • Luddites: smashed and burned factories • Protests meet harsh repression • Spread of Methodism: new religious movement founded by John Wesley/ Sunday School/read and write/moral ways

38. The New Middle Class • Benefited the most • Lived in solid well built homes • Dressed and ate well • Middle class women were encouraged to become ladies • Lady like activities/maids • Valued hard work • No sympathy for the poor

39. Benefits/Problems • Benefits • Material wealth • Labor unions • Problems • Poor working conditions • Unhealthy living conditions • Class warfare

40. How did the English government address the social problems created by the Industrial Revolution? • The following slides show the reforms made by the English government to address the problems of the Industrial Revolution • EVALUATE WHETHER THE REFORM (CHANGE) FIXED THE SPECIFIC PROBLEM OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

41. Reforms to the Problems of Cities • Paved streets, sewers, electric street lights • Police forces and better fire departments • Cleaner water supplies • Effective or Not?

42. Reforms to the Problems of the Working Class • Workers formed unions to bargain on their behalf with employers • Rising wages for most workers and a minimum wage was established • Most men received the right to vote • Effective or Not?

43. Reforms to the Problems of Children • Elementary Education Act of 1880 provided free public school education for all children • Laws were passed limiting the working day of children • Effective or Not?

44. Reforms to the Problems of Women • Laws were passed banning women from working in coal mines • Women began to join skilled professions such as doctors, lawyers, researchers and inventors • Women joined groups demanding better rights and the right the vote • Effective or Not?

45. Government Regulation to curb the abuses of the IR • Sadler Commission was convened in England by the Parliament to investigate Child Labor • Factory Act of 1833: limited the hours that children could work depending on their age • Ten Hours: limited to ten hours the time worked by woman and children in the factories to 10 hours per day • Mines Act: limited child labor in the mines • Employers Disability Act of 1880: paid compensation to workers injured on the job

46. New Ways of Thinking • Laissez Faire Economics • Laissez faire thinkers support a free market and oppose government regulation • Major Historical figures:natural law governs economics • Adam Smith • Thomas Malthus • David Ricardo

47. Adam Smith • The Wealth of Nations • Free market would eventually help everyone not just the rich. • More goods at lower prices, higher quality • Natural laws of supply and demand/competition • Growing economy would encourage new business

48. Thomas Malthus • “An Essay on the Principle of Population” • Population would outpace food supply • checks on population: war famine, disease • Grim outlook/pessimistic • Incorrect in Europe • Correct in Africa

49. David Ricardo • “Iron Law of Wages” • Poor people had too many children • Wages go up population goes up • Wages go down because of a over supply of labor • vicious cycle: poor would never escape poverty

50. The Utilitarians • Jeremy Bentham • Greatest happiness for the largest amount of people • All actions should be judged by their utility • John Stuart Mill/gov’t intervention/the right to vote