CARBON COMPOUNDS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. CARBON COMPOUNDS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 0 Got Lactase? • Many people in the world suffer from lactose intolerance • Lacking an enzyme (lactase) that digests lactose, a sugar found in milk • “ase” = enzyme • “ose” = sugar

2. 0 • Lactose intolerance illustrates the importance of biological molecules • To the functioning of living cells and to human health • The atoms carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P)make up molecules that support life

3. 4 Categories of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Glucose/Fructose Starch/Cellulose Lipids Fats/Oils/Steroids/Wax Molecules of Life Biochemicals (CHONP) Proteins Enzymes/Structure/ Movement/Protection Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)

4. 0 Space-fillingmodel Structuralformula Ball-and-stickmodel H H H H C C H H H Methane H The 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron. HYDROCARBONS • All compounds are either organic, containing carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen or inorganic. The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.

5. 6P 6N 0 • Carbon bonding: • Has 4 electrons in outer energy level • Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in outer shell • Carbon forms bonds with other atoms, including carbon

6. 0 I. Carbon bonding:

7. 0 II. Hydrocarbons: naming conventions Roots/Prefixes (2C stands for two carbons) 1 C - ____meth__ 6 C - ____hex____ 2 C - ____eth____ 7 C - ____hept___ 3 C - ____prop___ 8 C - ____oct____ 4 C - ____but____ 9 C - ____non____ 5 C - ____pent____ 10 C - ___dec____ • Butane • Butane • Butane

8. 0 Hydrocarbon Naming Conventions, Formulas and Examples • * Where “n” is the number of carbon atoms Examples: 1. CH4 - __________________ 6. Ethene - __________________ 2. C3H4 - __________________ 7. Heptane - _________________ 3. C5H10 - _________________ 8. Decyne - __________________ 4. C9H20 - _________________ 9. Butane - __________________ 5. C6H10 - _________________ 10. Octene - _________________

9. III. Functional Groups 0 A functional group is a cluster of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules that they compose, and determine the characteristics of the compound

10. A functional group is a cluster of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules that they compose, and determine the characteristics of the compound • III. Functional Groups 0

11. 0 • Functional groups are particular groupings of atoms • That give organic molecules particular properties Lactic Acid OH { Carboxyl Estradiol (estrogen) HO Hydroxyl Female lion OH Carbonyl (middle) Wohler 1828 O Amino Testosterone Urea Male lion

12. IV. Large Carbon Molecules 0 • Hydrocarbons • Are composed of only hydrogen and carbon • Some carbon compounds are isomers • Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures Butene

13. 0 Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules • The four main classes of biological molecules • Are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids • Many of the molecules are gigantic • And are called macromolecules

14. H OH H OH OH H Short polymer Short polymer Unlinked monomer Unlinked monomer H2O Dehydration reaction Dehydration reaction OH H OH H Longer polymer 0 • Cells make most of their large molecules • By joining smaller organic molecules into chains called polymers • Cells link monomers to form polymers • By dehydration synthesis

15. H2O H OH Hydrolysis H OH H OH 0 • Polymers are broken down to monomers • By the reverse process, hydrolysis Animation: Hydrolysis of sucrose