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Delve into the world of carbon compounds, from covalent bonds to allotropes of carbon and types of hydrocarbons. Learn about organic compounds, hydrocarbon properties, isomers, fuel octane ratings, hydrocarbon nomenclature, crude oil distillation, and the process of cracking. Explore how essential oils are made and access classwork & homework resources.
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Carbon and Organic Compounds Begin with “introduction to cells”
Section 1: Carbon Atoms and Covalent Bonds Special Bonding properties of carbon: • Mostly always form covalent bonds • Not very reactive • 4 outer electrons
Allotropes of Carbon:Allotropes: various formations an element takes when forming molecules 3 Allotropes of Carbon: Diamond Bucky Balls Graphite
Carbon Nanotubes: Tube structures made from the carbon atoms. (video for tubes)
Organic Compounds: Large class of compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Hydrocarbons: Compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon.
1) Alkanes: Strands of carbon hydrogen molecules that contain only single bonds ***These compounds are called saturated because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.***
2) Alkenes: Hydrocarbons that have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms. Examples: Ethene or Ethylene that is used to make plastics and antifreeze (ethylene glycol)
3) Alkyne: Hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond. Examples: C2H2 (acetylene used for oxyacetylene torches) ***Alkenes and Alkynes are unsaturated because double and triple bonds block bonding locations that could be used for hydrogen's.***
4) Cycloalkane: Ring structures with only single bonds 5) Benzene: Ring structures with double bonds
Hydrocarbon Properties There are no polarities therefore there are no strong intermolecular attractions. • Smaller chains will have low boiling and melting points • Larger hydrocarbons will have higher boiling points. • Larger hydrocarbons will be gases or liquids • Very reactive
Isomers: Compounds with the same number and types of atoms but differing geometric arrangements
Isomers for Octane (fuel) Fuel comes in 18 different isomers and is also called iso-octane because of this blend. Octane rating are based on the percentage of octane to heptane example 90 ml Oct / 10 ml hetp = 90 rating. We use a lab rating RON and MON (research octane rating Australia and EU & lab octane rating US)
Crude Oil Distillation • http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=jk0WrtA8_T8
Fractional Distillation: (pg 713) Separation of oil by boiling points Process: • Crude oil is heated. • Heated oil is passed through regions “bubblers” set to specific temperatures that condense specific fuels based on their boiling points.
Cracking: Controlled process to breaking larger hydrocarbons into smaller more usable molecules. • Types of Cracking: • Thermal • Catalytic • Steam • Hydro
Making Essential Oils https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cz_jYx4dF0U
Classwork and Homework Section 1 worksheet Pg 701 (7-12) Pg 703 (13-16) Pg 715 (30 – 36)