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Chapter 7 Carbon and Organic Compounds

Chapter 7 Carbon and Organic Compounds. Organic Chemistry. Organic originally meant chemicals that came from organisms 1828 German chemist Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea in a lab Today, organic chemistry is the chemistry of virtually all compounds containing the element carbon.

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Chapter 7 Carbon and Organic Compounds

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  1. Chapter 7 Carbon and Organic Compounds

  2. Organic Chemistry • Organic originally meant chemicals that came from organisms • 1828 German chemist Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea in a lab • Today, organic chemistry is the chemistry of virtually all compounds containing the element carbon

  3. Organic Compounds • Contain carbon • Have covalent bonds • Have low melting points • Have low boiling points • Burn in air (oxygen) • Are soluble in nonpolar solvents • Form large molecules

  4. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons • Over a million organic compounds, with a dazzling array of properties • Why so many? Carbon’s unique bonding ability! • Let’s start with the simplest of the organic compounds: Hydrocarbons

  5. Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons contain only two elements: hydrogen and carbon • simplest hydrocarbons called alkanes, which contain only single covalent bonds • methane (CH4) with one carbon is the simplest alkane; also known as swamp gas; main component of natural gas.

  6. Complete Structural Formulas Show the bonds between each of the atoms H H   H  C  H H C H   H H CH4 , methane

  7. alkanes • Carbon has 4 valence electrons, thus forms 4 covalent bonds • not only with other elements, but also forms bonds WITH ITSELF. • Ethane (C2H6) is the simplest alkane with a carbon to carbon bond

  8. More Alkanes H H Condensed Structural Formulas H C C H CH3 CH3 H H Ethane H H H H C C C H CH3 CH2 CH3 H H H Propane

  9. Straight-Chain Alkanes • Straight-chain alkanes contain any number of carbon atoms, one after the other, in a chain - meaning one linked to the next C-C-C C-C-C-C etc.

  10. Straight-Chain Alkanes • Many alkanes are used for fuels: methane, propane, butane, octane • As the number of carbons increases, so does the boiling and melting pt. • The first 4 are gases; #5-15 are liquids; higher alkanes are solids

  11. Alkanes • Since the electrons are shared equally, the molecule is nonpolar • thus, not attracted to water • oil (a hydrocarbon) not soluble in H2O • “like dissolves like”

  12. Naming Straight-Chain Alkanes • Names recommended by IUPAC - the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry • end with -ane, the root part of the name is a prefix for the # of carbons Table 7-3, page 244

  13. IUPAC Names Name # carbons Structural Formula Methane 1 CH4 Ethane 2 CH3CH3 Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3 Butane 4 CH3CH2CH2CH3 Pentane 5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

  14. Name # carbons Structural Formula Hexane 6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Heptane 7 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Octane 8 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Nonane 9 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Decane 10 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

  15. Straight-Chain Alkanes • Homologous series- a group of compounds that have a constant increment of change • In alkanes, it is: -CH2-

  16. Learning Check A. What is the condensed formula for H H H H H C C C C H H H H H B. What is its molecular formula? C. What is its name?

  17. Solution A. CH3CH2CH2CH3 B. C4H10 C. butane

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