Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution

2. Why study the Industrial Revolution? • This Revolution has altered our lives more than any other event in the past 12,000 years • Where we live • How we work • What we wear • What we eat • What we do for fun • How we are educated • How long we live • How many children we have • This gave countries the technological and economic advantage necessary to eventually rule the world

3. What is the Industrial Revolution? • Societal shift • using tools to make products  using new sources of energy • Coal, power machines, etc. • Home  factory • Country  city • Human/animal power  engine power • (coal later oil)

4. Where it all began • Take a guess… • England • Why did countries want to industrialize? • To make labor more efficient and productive • Three Phrases • 1770’s -1860’s  Started in Britain and spread to Western Europe and the US • 1870’s -1950’s  Spread to Russia, and Island Nations • 1960’s –Present  Spread to Asia and South America • Some countries did not industrialize – Britain tried to spread Industrialization

5. Reasons • Had ALL the factors necessary to Industrialize • Other countries had some, but not all • -Agricultural Revolution - Coal and Iron • -Population growth -Government Policies • -Financial Innovations -World Trade • -Enlightenment and Scientific Rev -Cottage Industry • -Navigable Rivers and Canals -Continent of Eurasia

6. Consequences • Rapid urbanization • By 2008 more people in urban than rural (world population) • Uneven spread of wealth • Monopolies  Dominate the market • 2006 10% of the world’s wealthiest people owned 85% of the world’s wealth • 2010 in developing countries (85% of people in the world live) 16,000 children die an hunger each day – 1 child every 5 minutes (global hunger) • Grow accustom to new technologies • Wouldn’t know what to do without, cell phones, cars, etc

7. Inventions And Inventors

8. AGRICULTURE • How it influenced other inventions

9. JethroTull • Invention: Mechanical seeder • sowed the seeds deep and in neat rows • Invention: Horse drawn Hoe • more efficient planting (pull a plow quickly) • provided the basis for modern agriculture

10. Charles “Turnip” Townshend • Idea: Plant clover to nourish soil • Four field crop rotation • Turnip • to provide food for live-stock • stored longer • a lot into a small area Ireland's lord-lieutenant

11. Robert Bakewell • Idea: Stock Breeding • Breeding certain animals for desirable qualities • Cattle, horses and Sheep

12. William Coke “Coke of Norfolk” • Ideas: • Fertilizer – they ran out of poop! • field grasses • how to manage an estate • Different varieties of animals • breeding – cattle, sheep and pigs

13. Arthur Young • English writer who traveled around Europe • Invention: Created a periodical of annuls of agriculture • Campaigned for the rights of agricultural workers

14. Justus von Liebig • Invention : Chemical (nitrogen-based) Fertilizer • Father of fertilizer Industry • plant nutrition and maintained that plants feed upon nitrogen compounds, carbon dioxide from air, and some minerals found in the soil.

15. Cyrus McCormick • Invention: improved the reaper • used interchangeable parts so the reapers could be fixed easily • 2-3 acres by hand  12 acres with reaper / per day

16. John Deere • Cast Iron plow was used in the westward expansion of the US • Invention : Steel plow • 1837 used steel from broken saw blade and field tested this new plow • Farmers were able to till more fertile soil

17. Enclosure • landowners closed off public lands in order to better organize and keep track of land and animals • Divisions made with dry-stone wall or hedges • Caused massive urbanization • Peasant farmers were forced to give up their shares of land to wealthy land owners

18. Importance of the Agricultural to the Industrial Revolution • Crop yield increased • Enough food was available for people in the cities • Falling food prices meant more money to spend on consumer goods • Healthier population which meant decline in death rate, especially in infants • In the 18th century, the population doubled from 5 million to 10 million • Wool yield increased due to better care of animals and selective breeding • More wool was available for the textile industry and at less cost • Ready workforce available • Peasants were turned off their land by enclosures • Families moved into the cities • There was much unemployment and many people were looking for work • Labor was cheap

19. Recap– Entrance Slip • Name at the top! • Why did new agricultural inventions help lead to the decline in farmers in the late 1700s? • What was the most important/significant invention discussed today? This is your opinion, so back it up… why? • What connection(s) can you make to today’s society and the industrialization occurring in Great Britain in the 1700s/1800s?

20. TEXTILES • Inventions and ideas

21. Materials • Wool • Silk • Linen • Cotton

22. Cotton • Hard to grow • needs certain climates • Hard to harvest • Britain didn’t have the climate for cotton

23. So where are they getting it? • India had been growing it for years • Britain had already taken control of India • parliament banned all cotton products in India • so Britain could take over production • Through tariffs and other restrictions, the British government discouraged the production of cotton cloth in India; rather, the raw fiber was sent to England for processing. The Indian Mahatma Gandhi described the process: • English people buy Indian cotton in the field, picked by Indian labor at seven cents a day, through an optional monopoly. • This cotton is shipped on British ships, a three-week journey across the Indian Ocean, down the Red Sea, across the Mediterranean, through Gibraltar, across the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic Ocean to London. One hundred per cent profit on this freight is regarded as small. • The cotton is turned into cloth in Lancashire. You pay shilling wages instead of Indian pennies to your workers. The English worker not only has the advantage of better wages, but the steel companies of England get the profit of building the factories and machines. Wages; profits; all these are spent in England. • The finished product is sent back to India at European shipping rates, once again on British ships. The captains, officers, sailors of these ships, whose wages must be paid, are English. The only Indians who profit are a few lascars who do the dirty work on the boats for a few cents a day. • The cloth is finally sold back to the kings and landlords of India who got the money to buy this expensive cloth out of the poor peasants of India who worked at seven cents a day.

24. John Kay • Invention: Flying shuttle • http://youtu.be/tg2ZqO1X-Qs • allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms

25. James Hargreaves • Invention : Spinning Jenny • cotton production could not keep up with demand • Double productivity of yarn production

26. Sir Richard Arkwright • Invention: ( World’s first “true”) factory to produce cotton • Invention: Water frame • Water power to produce better thread than the spinning jenny • combine power, machinery, semi-skilled labor and new raw material (cotton)

27. Samuel Crompton's • Invention: Crompton’s Mule • Combined spinning Jenny and the water frame • Produced large amounts of fine, strong yarn

28. Edward CartWright • Invention: Power loom • improve the speed and quality of weaving • Didn’t work so well at first

29. Francis Lowell Cabot • Idea: Power loom • idea taken from Britain to bring industry to America • First factory in Mass. ( Lowell named after him)

30. Eli Whitney • Invention : Cotton Gin • allowed cotton to be easily separated from its seed in a short amount of time. • Took him 10 days to put his ideas together • Took almost a year to get a patent • Industry in the South Benefitted (more slaves) • 1 man could do the work of 10

31. Looking for a new power source • Two sources of free energy • Wind • Water • Water supply areas were scarce • Usually too far for people to travel to

32. Coal / Iron Ore • What Mr. Duton gets in his stocking every year

33. Raw Materials • fuel for heating and other purposes • wood • Forests were depleted • Coal makes its debut • Hard to extract from the ground

34. coal has a higher carbon content than wood. This means that it is a more efficient fuel. When wood or coal are heated to about 1200°C in the absence of air (oxygen), they provide charcoal and coke respectively. Both charcoal and coke have higher carbon contents than wood or coal which means that they make even more efficient fuels. %mass carbon oxygen hydrogen wood 53 42 5 peat 60 34 6 lignite (soft, brown coal) 67 28 6 Bituminous (household) coal 88 6 6 anthracite (hard) coal 94 3 3

35. Coal Mines • Dangerous • Ventilation of tunnels • a fire was lit at the bottom of one of the access shaft • This created hot air which drifted upwards and drew fresh air into the tunnel • carbon monoxide and other explosive gases were common in coal mines • frequent explosions and fires

36. Coal Production • Coal output was able to increase so rapidly because steam pumps were developed which enabled deeper seams to be exploited Year Coal output (tons) 1700 2600000 1790 7600000 1795 over 10000000

37. Iron Ore • brittle due to impurities • (Steel is a perfect form of Iron ore • (steel is more flexible- meant to give) • Only the rich had steel swords because it was so hard to make • Where there is a demand – there is a supply ** someone will make it

38. ABraham Darby • Idea: coke smelting • iron ore with coke from coal removed some impurities improved iron – “refining metals” • advanced the mass production of brass and iron good • Charcoal was becoming scarce

39. John “Iron mad” Wilkinson • Invention: world's first iron barge in 1787 • iron bridges, ships cannons, boring holes in iron • burred in an iron coffin

40. Henry cort • Idea: puddling furnace • cast iron  wrought iron • large-scale and inexpensive conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, one of the most essential materials • iron alloy with a very low carbon • Rolled straight away while it was still soft • rails for railways • pipes • sheet iron for shipbuilding

41. Henry Bessemer • Invention: Bessemer Process molten iron pig • A method for making steel by forcing compressed air through molten iron to burn out carbon and other impurities • How many have you seen this? • Bessemer court – it was from a mill who closed

42. Steam • Inventions and ideas • Steam power had been around for thousands of years – no one knew how to use it

43. Thomas Savery • Invention: vacuum-powered mine pumping engine • “first steam engine” • Engine driven by steam power – advanced labor power

44. Thomas Newcomen • Inventions: (invented a simple engine that used steam to) pump water out of coalmines • Here’s how his engine worked: • Boiled water created steam, which entered a chamber or cylinder, which pushed a piston up. • The piston lifted a pump • Partnered with Savery

45. James Watt • Watt and Matt Boulton (business partner) • Invention: watt engine • absent minded genius • Couldn’t focus for too long • always trying to improve inventions • 4x as productive • Cheap!

46. Transportation • Inventions and ideas • Roads, canals and trains

47. John Macadam • Invention: Road construction • (every road was curved so there was no standing water) • much faster, more comfortable and easier than before • tar mixed with road-stone • Europe and England – First used in Maryland (all over PA) • Macadam’s roads - excellent

48. Canals • 1760 -1840 • Digging a canal – done by hand • (France thought it was a waste of resources) • Erie canal – connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River – wanted to build all the way to PITTSBURGH!

49. George Stephenson • Invention: steam engine locomotive and iron rails • -“Father of Railways” • cotton industry was so large- needed a way to transport • tracks at four feet, eight and a half inches • become the worldwide standard railroad gauge.

50. The Rocket • Competition in Liverpool • (other 6 broke down – no contest) • 29 miles per hour – no other way to go that fast before • 1900’s - miles of track • Russia had 53,234 • Germany 51,000 • set the stage for WWI