Industrialization Spreads

1. Industrialization Spreads p. 196

2. Western Industrialization • Britain tried, but failed, to keep the secrets of industrialization from getting out. • Other countries would acquire British technology and create new technologies. • The US and Germany would surpass Britain in steel production • New techniques and inventions made mass production possible.

3. Heavy Metals IndustryHenry Bessemer: • developed a steel mass-production process. • EC: Effects of steel included: (3) • It allowed for great amounts of very strong steel to be made quickly. • Steel will allow bigger ships, buildings, and bridges to be built. • It will also make stronger tools and railroads.

4. Alfred Nobel: • Swedish chemist. Developed dynamite. • It is a powerful, concentrated explosive. • safer and more stable than nitro-glycerin, • safer than black powder. • He envisioned it being used by mine and construction companies. • Militaries found it useful too. • Upset by the violent use of his invention, Nobel funded a prize for people whose ideas and inventions worked to make the world safer and peaceful.

5. Michael Faraday: • British; changed the energy industry by developing the dynamo. • electricity generator. • produces electricity • Will change millions of factories, businesses, cities, and homes.

6. Thomas Edison: • US electrical inventor. • He and his technical staff developed the electric “incandescent lamp” (light bulb). • Would develop the motion picture • camera • projector • Since there were no electric companies, he started the first power plant. • He would start General Electric which made • electric appliances, • generators • transformers. • Many related companies would wire the industrialized nations.

7. Interchangeable parts: • parts that could fit many different kinds of machines. • Made production efficient, simpler, faster, and cheaper. • Also did the same for maintenance. • Eli Whitney was a strong proponent and developer of interchangeable parts.

8. Assembly line: • Technique used to make production fast and efficient. • Uses a series of production stages • each building on the previous one. • not a new idea, • the 20th century saw new ideas to make the assembly line the best way for a factory to operate.

9. Henry Ford • credited with developing the assembly line on a massive scale • EC: What did he do? Why? • made cars that ordinary people, like his workers, could afford. • EC: What was his car called? • Ford model T (1919) • “You can have any color you want, so long as it is black!”

10. Orville and WilburWright: • US; flew the first successful, controlled, powered airplane in 1903.

11. Guglielmo Marconi: • Italy, developed the “wireless telegraph”, 1890s. • the forerunner of radio,

12. Corporation: • the business, not the owners or shareholders, is liable for any legal or financial problems that arise from doing business. • If business loses money, owners and shareholders do not lose any or much of their own personal money. • Status granted by the government. • Reduces risk to investors, who are more likely to put their money into a company.

13. Stock: • Business would sell this to investors to raise money to operate. • Investors became part owners as long as they owned the stock (share). • Two types of investors • Speculator—short term (buy low, sell high) • Long-term—retirement, build up assets

14. Cartel: • a group of competing businesses join to control prices, set production quotas, and/or control markets. • Called “trusts” and illegal in the United States. • Not illegal internationally-- • OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) is a cartel of oil-nations that control global petroleum production and pricing.)

15. Homework ends • Class work begins

16. Factories were spreading all across Europe and across the seas to America and Japan. • Countries like France, Germany, the US, and Japan industrialized very quickly: • France, US and Germany had plentiful resources. • All four copied and modified British techniques, often with British expatriates. • US development was accelerated by the large-scale civil war it fought using many industrial methods and inventions. • German development moved rapidly after unification in 1870. • Strict pushing of businesses and the people by the new German leader, Otto von Bismarck. • Japan also unified under a modernist emperor, Meiji. • Meiji’s government, copying the new German empire, also strictly pushed businesses and the people to industrialize quickly.

17. Map Skills, p. 197 • 2. Which American city probably grew because of its location near coal fields? • Pittsburgh • 3. Why would you expect Lyon, France, to become a major industrial city? • It was located near both coal fields and iron ore deposits

18. Graph Skills, p. 198 • Which nation had the greatest increase in steel production and which had the smallest? • Largest: United States • Smallest: Great Britain

19. Standards Check, p. 198 • What factors led to the industrialization of other nations after Britain? • Other nations had abundant supplies of natural resources and were able to use the ideas and technology that Great Britain had developed.

20. Standards Check, p. 199 • Question What was the dynamo’s impact on the Industrial Revolution? • The dynamo generated electricity that powered other machines.

21. Image, p. 199 • Judging from this print, how did electricity make life easier for people in the city? • They could travel at night

22. Image, p. 200, • 1. • as corporations expanded, they needed more office space; also show off • 2. • sample: telephones would have had the greatest impact on offices, • they would have enabled faster communication • therefore, faster production

23. The transportation industry sees more innovations: • Steamships replace sailing ships: bigger, faster • Huge, powerful engines (scale) make great size (turn off sound) possible. • Jobs • Though Harland & Wolfe hired both Irish Protestant and Catholic workers, Protestant workers bullied and drove out many Catholics. • Millions can afford to migrate to the Americas from Europe. • The wealthy can travel in segregated style. • Hundreds of thousands of miles of rail lines built by developed nations • Resources • Harbor cities • Speedily deliver military forces • Cross continents, joining coasts

24. Automobile • EC: Name the inventor and the country • Internal combustion engine— • Small, powerful, uses gasoline (a cheap fuel source) • Nikolaus Otto, Germany: • First three-wheel automobile • Karl Benz, Germany: • First four-wheel automobile • Gottlieb Daimler, Germany:

25. Communications Industry— • EC: What was developed? • Samuel Morse-- • US, telegraph, 1830s. Develops a code for tones as no voice could be used. • An English entrepreneur lays Transatlantic Cable between Ireland and Canada • Allows telegraph to send across the Atlantic Ocean. • Alexander Bell-- • US, telephone, 1870s

26. Image, p. 201 • Did Marconi’s prediction come true? Explain. • Yes, advances in communications such as mobile phones and e-mail have made worldwide communication almost instantaneous.

27. Standards Check, p. 201 • How did technological advances in transportation and communications affect the Industrial Revolution? • Travel was faster by steamship, railroad, autos, and airplanes • National and international communication was possible through telegraph, telephone, and radio.

28. Political cartoon, p. 202 • Is the cartoonist for or against government control of businesses • Favored government control/regulation of big business. • Portrays business as a monster; making businesses look dangerous to the public.

29. Standards Check, p. 202 • Why were big business leaders “captains of industry” to some, but “robber barons” to others? • Pro: • Business owners created economic benefits • Con: • Business owners exploited consumers, workers, and free enterprise