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Early Civilizations of India and Pakistan

Early Civilizations of India and Pakistan. Geography of the Indian Subcontinent. Subcontinent- large landmass that juts out from a continent Divided into 3 zones: Gangetic Plains , Deccan Plateau , and the coastal plains

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Early Civilizations of India and Pakistan

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  1. Early Civilizations of India and Pakistan

  2. Geography of the Indian Subcontinent • Subcontinent- large landmass that juts out from a continent • Divided into 3 zones: Gangetic Plains , Deccan Plateau, and the coastal plains • Monsoons, or seasonal winds, bring hot dry air in the winter and heavy rains in the summer

  3. The Indus Civilization Rises and Falls • Civilization began in the Indus River valley around 2600 B.C. Early cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were products of organized governments. • Most people farmed. These farmers may have been the 1st to domesticate cotton and weave it into cloth. • Merchants and traders used the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf to trade with other civilizations

  4. People of the Indus were polytheistic and considered certain animals sacred. This led to the veneration of cattle in Indian society. • The civilization declined around 1900 B.C. possibly due to environmental degradation or acts of nature.

  5. Aryan Civilization • Aryans migrated into the subcontinent and established a permanent settlement around 1500 B.C. The Aryans were initially nomadic herders, but settled into farming. • Leaders called rajahs were elected from a warriors • Society was divided into 4 groups based on jobs: priests, warriors, farmers/merchants, and servants/workers

  6. Indra

  7. Aryan Religious Beliefs • The society was polytheistic and worshipped gods/goddesses representative of nature • The main god was Indra the god of war • Priests wrote sacred teachings in Vedas, or collections of religious instructions and hymns • Mystics sought direct communication with their gods through meditation and yoga.

  8. Aryan Religious Beliefs • Overtime beliefs changed and the idea of Brahman, a single spiritual power more important than all other gods • Religious and cultural beliefs spread through acculturation

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