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Early Civilizations of India and Pakistan

Early Civilizations of India and Pakistan. Chapter 3 section 1. Geography of the Indian Subcontinent. Subcontinent – large landmass that juts out from a continent Three zones: Gangetic Plain (N), dry Decan plateau (raised area of leveled land), and coastal plains. Monsoons Affect Climate.

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Early Civilizations of India and Pakistan

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  1. Early Civilizations of India and Pakistan Chapter 3 section 1

  2. Geography of the Indian Subcontinent • Subcontinent – large landmass that juts out from a continent • Three zones: Gangetic Plain (N), dry Decan plateau (raised area of leveled land), and coastal plains

  3. Monsoons Affect Climate • Monsoons – seasonal winds that may bring downpours • Welcomed for crops • Can produce deadly floods

  4. Indus Civilization Rises and Falls • Earliest South Asian civilization started in present day Pakistan • Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were possibly twin capitals

  5. Making a Living by Farming and Trading • Most people were farmers • Wheat, barley, melons, dates • First to cultivate and weave cotton • Merchants and traders • Cotton cloth, grain, copper, pearls, ivory

  6. Indus Civilization • Indus people were polytheistic • Certain animals were sacred • Buffalo and bull • Then the civilization declined • Why? Damage to local environment, flooding, earthquake…

  7. Aryan Civilization Develops During the Vedic Age • Nomads flocked towards Central Asia • Nomads married locals and called themselves Aryans • Acculturation – blending of two or more cultures • Most of what we know come from Vedas – a collection of hymns, chants, and rituals

  8. From Nomadic Life to Farming • Began to cultivate crops and breed cattle • Made tools out of iron • Tribes were led by rajahs • ruled with the help of elders in the tribe

  9. Aryan Structure Society • Social structure was based on occupation

  10. Aryan Religious Beliefs Develop • Polytheistic • Worshipped gods and goddesses who embodied natural forces • Sky, sun, storm, fire • Indra – God of war

  11. Aryan Religious Beliefs Develop • Some moved towards brahman – a single spiritual power that existed beyond the many gods of the Vedas • Mystics would seek direct communion with divine forces • Through meditation and yoga

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